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2012 JPMorgan Chase trading loss

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"London whale" redirects here. For the whale lost in the River Thames in 2006, see River Thames whale.

In April and May 2012, large trading losses occurred at JPMorgan's Chief Investment Office, based on transactions booked through its London branch. The unit was run by Chief Investment Officer Ina Drew, who later stepped down. A series of derivative transactions involving credit default swaps (CDS) were entered, reportedly as part of the bank's "hedging" strategy.[1] Trader Bruno Iksil, nicknamed the London Whale, accumulated outsized CDS positions in the market. An estimated trading loss of $2 billion was announced. However, the loss amounted to more than $6 billion for JPMorgan Chase.[2][3]

These events gave rise to a number of investigations to examine the firm's risk management systems and internal controls. JPMorgan Chase agreed to pay $920 million in total fines to US and UK authorities.[4][5][6] JPMorgan Chase cut chief executive Jamie Dimon's 2012 pay in half, from $23 million to $11.5 million, as a consequence for the $6 billion trading loss.[7][8]

Background

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In February 2012, hedge fund insiders such as Boaz Weinstein of Saba Capital Management[9] became aware that the market in credit default swaps was possibly being affected by aggressive trading activities. The source of the unusual activity turned out to be Bruno Iksil, a trader for JPMorgan Chase & Co. Market-moving trades by the bank's Chief Investment Office had first been uncovered in June 2011 by Dan Alderson, a reporter at trade journal Creditflux, which reported on anomalies in CDX HY index tranche pricing dynamics caused by Iksil's trading activity.[10] The same journal reported on further tranche trading activity by the JP Morgan unit two months later. By 2012, heavy opposing bets to his positions had been made by traders, including another branch of JPMorgan, who purchased the derivatives that JPMorgan was selling in high volume.[11][12] JPMorgan denied the first news reports, with Chairman and CEO Jamie Dimon calling it a "tempest in a teapot".[13][14] Major losses of $2 billion were reported by the firm in May 2012 in relation to these trades. By this point, the issue was being investigated by the Federal Reserve, SEC, and FBI.[15]

On July 13, 2012, the total loss was updated to $5.8 billion with the addition of a $4.4 billion loss in the second quarter and subsequent recalculation of a loss of $1.4 billion for the first quarter. A spokesman for the firm claimed that projected total losses could be more than $7 billion.[16] The disclosure, which resulted in headlines in the media, did not disclose the exact nature of the trading involved, which remained in progress as of May 16, 2012, as JPMorgan's losses mounted and other traders sought to profit or avoid losses resulting from JPMorgan's positions.[17][18] As of June 28, 2012, JPMorgan's positions were continuing to produce losses which could total as much as $9 billion under worst-case scenarios.[19] The trades were possibly related to CDX IG 9, a credit default swap index based on the default risk of major U.S. corporations[20][21] that has been described as a "derivative of a derivative".[22][23] On the company's emergency conference call, JPMorgan Chase Chairman and CEO Jamie Dimon said the strategy was "flawed, complex, poorly reviewed, poorly executed, and poorly monitored".[24]

Trades

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On February 2, 2012, at the Harbor Investment Conference, speaking to an audience of investors, Boaz Weinstein recommended buying the Markit CDX North America Investment Grade Series 9 10-Year Index, CDX IG 9.[25] This contract was a standardized credit derivative contract with an initial 10y maturity, maturing on 20th December 2017. The price of the CDX IG index reflects the credit risk of an underlying basket of North American investment-grade companies. Weinstein had noticed this contract was an unusually cheap way to buy credit protection relative to other more liquid indices. It turned out that JPMorgan was shorting the index by making huge trades.[26][27] JPMorgan's bet was that credit markets would strengthen; the index is based on 121 investment grade bonds issued by North American corporations.[25] Investors who followed Weinstein's tip did poorly during the early months of 2012 as JPMorgan strongly supported its position. However, by May, after investors became concerned about the implications of the European financial crisis, the situation reversed and JPMorgan suffered large losses. In addition to Weinstein's Saba Capital Management, Blue Mountain Capital, BlueCrest Capital, Lucidus Capital Partners, CQS, III, and Hutchin Hill[28] are hedge funds which are known to have benefited from taking the other side of the trade to JPMorgan.[9] A separate unit of JPMorgan was also on the winning side.[12]

The $6.2 billion loss came from three positions that partially offset one another. It occurred when the world's financial markets were in relative calm. Had quality spread curves twisted or worldwide economic distress been more pronounced the loss could have been much higher.[29]

The Financial Times column "Alphaville" analysis suggests that these positions were not volatile enough to account for the full losses reported.[30] They suggest that other positions are likely involved as well.[31]

Investigation

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The internal investigation concluded in July 2012. It involved more than 1,000 people across the firm and outside law firm WilmerHale.[32] A report issued in January 2013 made the following "key observations"[33]

  • "CIO [Chief Investment Office] judgment, execution and escalation in the First Quarter of 2012 were poor"
  • "The Firm did not ensure that the controls and oversight of CIO evolved commensurately with the increased complexity and risks of certain CIO activities"
  • "CIO risk management was ineffective in dealing with synthetic credit portfolio"
  • "Risk limits for CIO were not sufficiently granular"
  • "Approval and implementation of CIO Synthetic Credit VaR Model were inadequate"

In July 2017, U.S. prosecutors dropped criminal charges against two derivative traders from France and Spain after unsuccessful efforts to extradite them from their countries.[34]

JPM organizational structure, risk systems, accounting and internal control

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The trades occurred within the Chief Investment Office (CIO), where staff were reportedly "faithfully executing strategies demanded by the bank's risk management model". This unit is reported to have very wide latitude in otherwise unsupervised trading. The company had been without a treasurer for five months during the time of the trades and had a relatively inexperienced executive, Irvin Goldman, in charge of risk management in the CIO.[35]

The trades took place in a unit of JPMorgan that reported directly to Chairman & CEO Jamie Dimon. In Congressional testimony it came out that Dimon wanted to be responsible for what information was revealed, and information was withheld from the regulators. There had been a series of violations of the Sarbanes–Oxley regulations requiring certain protections.[36]

On May 10, 2012, Dimon announced that there was a loss of at least $2 billion through "egregious mistakes" in trading.[37]

Impact on Volcker Rule implementation

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The Volcker Rule, part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, bans high-risk trading inside commercial banking and lending institutions. The Volcker rule is sometimes referred to as "a modern Glass-Steagall firewall that separates core banking system from higher-risk, hedge fund-style proprietary trading".[38] The rule's implementation had been repeatedly delayed however, with analysts predicting implementation in 2014 and lobbyists simultaneously pushing to delay it longer. The final version of the Volcker Rule was passed on December 10, 2013, which was implemented in July 2015.[39]

Lobby efforts and government relations

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Bloomberg News and Robert Schmidt identified several people at JPM involved in the lobbying and its government relations response.[40]

See also

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References and sources

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References
  1. ^ "JPMorgan discloses $2B in losses in 'flawed' hedging strategy". NBC. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ "The London Whale". Bloomberg. February 24, 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  3. ^ Merle, Renae (April 13, 2017). "The 'London Whale' trader lost $6.2 billion, but he may walk off scot-free". Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  4. ^ Zarolli, Jim (September 19, 2013). "JPMorgan Chase To Pay Huge Fine In London Whale Settlement". NPR. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  5. ^ "JPMorgan admits wrongdoing in 'London whale' trading scandal, fined more than $900m". ABC News. Reuters / Agence France-Presse. 2013-09-20 [2013-09-19]. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  6. ^ Rushe, Dominic (2013-09-19). "London Whale scandal to cost JP Morgan $920m in penalties". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  7. ^ "JPMorgan CEO gets pay cut by half after $6 billion loss". CBS News. January 16, 2013. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  8. ^ Rexrode, Christina (January 16, 2013). "JPMorgan Chase cuts CEO Dimon's pay in half". Newsday. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  9. ^ a b Azam Ahmed (May 26, 2012). "The Hunch, the Pounce and the Kill: How Boaz Weinstein and Hedge Funds Outsmarted JPMorgan". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  10. ^ "Little known prop book makes big waves in tranches". Creditflux. June 1, 2011.
  11. ^ Zuckerman, Gregory; Burne, Katy (April 6, 2012). "'London Whale' Rattles Debt Market". The Wall Street Journal.
  12. ^ a b Azam Ahmed (May 15, 2012). "As One JPMorgan Trader Sold Risky Contracts, Another One Bought Them". The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  13. ^ Jesse Eisinger (May 16, 2012). "In Scrutiny of JPMorgan Loss, Bigger Questions Left Unanswered". The New York Times. ProPublica. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  14. ^ Poly Lesova (April 13, 2012). "Dimon: London Whale issues "tempest in a teapot"". MarketWatch. MarketWatch. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  15. ^ Touryalai, Halah (2012-05-15). "More Bad News as FBI gets involved". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  16. ^ Jessica Silver-Greenberg (July 13, 2012). "JPMorgan Fears Traders Obscured Losses in First Quarter" (Dealbook blog). The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2012. On a conference call with analysts on Friday, Mr. Dimon said that the trade could result in another $1.7 billion in losses in the future, but added that the estimate was considering a worst-case situation.
  17. ^ Nelson D. Schwartz; Jessica Silver-Greenberg (May 16, 2012). "JPMorgan's Trading Loss Is Said to Rise at Least 50%". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  18. ^ "JP Morgan's $2 Billion-Plus Loss Came On Three-Legged Trade". Dow Jones.
  19. ^ Jessica Silver-Greenberg; Susanne Craig (June 28, 2012). "JPMorgan Trading Loss May Reach $9 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  20. ^ Katy Burne (April 10, 2012). "Making Waves Against 'Whale'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  21. ^ Farah Khalique (May 11, 2012). "Chart of the Day: London Whale trading". Financial News. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  22. ^ "Crony Capitalism: After Lobbying Against New Financial Regulations, JPMorgan Loses $2B in Risky Bet". Democracy Now!. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  23. ^ Jessica Silver-Greenberg; Peter Eavis (May 10, 2012). "JPMorgan Discloses $2 Billion in Trading Losses". The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  24. ^ "Two Billion Dollar Hedge" Financial Times.
  25. ^ a b "JPMorgan's future losses at the mercy of an obscure index". The Economic Times. Reuters. May 17, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  26. ^ Julia La Roche (May 18, 2012). "I Was In The Room When Boaz Weinstein Revealed His Trade That Creamed JPMorgan". Business Insider. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  27. ^ Lisa Du (May 19, 2012). "To Understand JPMorgan's Trading Fiasco You Have To Go Back To 2005". Business Insider. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  28. ^ Jacob Wolinsky. "How Hutchin Hill Took Down JPMorgan". Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  29. ^ Wallace C. Turbeville. "JP Morgan Chase Whale Trades: A Case History of Derivatives Risks and Abuses". Demos. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  30. ^ "Financial Times content". www.ft.com. (subscription required)
  31. ^ "FT Content". www.ft.com. (subscription required)
  32. ^ "Cold Eye Over 'Whale' Probe - J.P. Morgan Board Picked 'Tough as Nails' Director to Head Trading Inquiry". WSJ. August 20, 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  33. ^ "Report of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Management Task Force Regarding 2012 CIO Losses", January 16, 2013 Archived March 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 June 2014
  34. ^ Stempel, Jonathan (July 21, 2017). "U.S. to drop criminal charges in 'London Whale' case". Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  35. ^ Fitzpatrick, Dan; Steinberg, Julie (May 18, 2012). "Key Void at Top for J.P. Morgan". The Wall Street Journal. p. C1. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  36. ^ "Business Daily". BBC. Sep 1, 2014.[permanent dead link‍]. Interview with Janet Tavakoli.
  37. ^ "Analysis: JPMorgan to be haunted by change in risk model". Reuters. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  38. ^ "Senate JPMorgan Probe Said to Seek Tougher Volcker Rule". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  39. ^ "Description: Final Regulations". US treasury. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  40. ^ "JPMorgan Drafts Republicans for Damage Control". Bloomberg / Business Week. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Sources
Further reading
External links
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