樂

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See also: 乐, and 楽
樂 U+6A02, 樂
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A02
← 樁
[U+6A01] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 樃 →
[U+6A03]
樂 U+F914, 樂
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F914
← 邏
[U+F913] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 洛 →
[U+F915]
樂 U+F95C, 樂
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F95C
← 拏
[U+F95B] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 諾 →
[U+F95D]
樂 U+F9BF, 樂
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9BF
← 料
[U+F9BE] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 燎 →
[U+F9C0]

Translingual

[edit]
Traditional 樂
Shinjitai 楽
Simplified 乐

Alternative forms

[edit]
  • In mainland China (for its traditional form based on Xin Zixing 新字形), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the bottom component is written 木, which is the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
  • In Taiwan and Hong Kong (based on the Big5 encoding standard), the bottom component is written 朩 without a hook instead.
  • Three CJK compatibility ideographs exist at U+F914, U+F95C and U+F9BF. All three forms are the same as the form used in Korean hanja.

Han character

[edit]

樂 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 女戈木 (VID), four-corner 22904, composition ⿱⿲幺白幺木(GHJKV) or ⿱⿲幺白幺⿻十八(T))

Derived characters

[edit]
[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 548, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15399
  • Dae Jaweon: page 936, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1280, character 16
  • Unihan data for U+6A02

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 樂
simp. 乐
alternative forms 楽
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 樂 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 樂 (Cantonese)

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 樂
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (樂) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
樂 *ŋraːwɢs, *raːwɢ, *ŋraːwɢ
轢 *raːd, *raːwɢ, *reːwɢ
濼 *pqʰlaːwɢ, *raːwɢ, *reːwɢ, *pqʰloːwɢ, *roːwɢ, *roːwɢ
躒 *raːwɢ, *reːwɢ
擽 *rawɢ, *reːwɢ
爍 *qʰljawɢ
鑠 *qʰljawɢ
藥 *lawɢ
櫟 *lawɢ, *reːwɢ
纅 *lawɢ
礫 *reːwɢ
瓅 *reːwɢ
皪 *reːwɢ
觻 *reːwɢ, *roːwɢ
嚛 *qʰloːwɢ, *qʰloːwɢ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“string”) + 木 (“wood”) – strings on a piece of wood, i.e. a wooden musical instrument.

The oracle bone form shows two strings connected to the wood. In the bronze inscriptions, a 白 (OC *braːɡ) component was added in between the two strings, which may either represent the thumb (fiddling) or a phonetic part.

Etymology

[edit]
“music; joyful”
The etymological relationship between “music” and “joy” has been discussed in Wulff (1935) and Unger (1983). Unger draws comparison with the following semantic parallelism in Tibetan: རོལ་མོ (rol mo, “music”) and རོལ (rol, “to enjoy; to amuse oneself; to play”).
Also comparable is Middle Khmer leṅa (“to play”) and bhleṅa (“(playing) music”), whence Thai เล่น (lên, “to play”) and เพลง (pleeng, “music”).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • 5hhiaq - “music”;
  • 5ngoq - only in the placename 樂清 in Zhejiang.
Rime
Character 樂
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 覺 (10)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五角切
Baxter ngaewk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠʌk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋᵚɔk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋɔk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋaɨwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/ŋɔk̚/
Wang
Li 		/ŋɔk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋɔk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yuè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngok6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 樂
Reading # 4/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yuè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngæwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ]ˁrawk/
English music

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 樂
Reading # 3/3
No. 7683
Phonetic
component 		樂
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		嶽
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋraːwɢ/

Definitions

[edit]

樂

  1. music; tune; melody; song
    音樂／音乐  ―  yīnyuè  ―  music
    樂隊／乐队  ―  yuèduì  ―  band
    奏樂／奏乐  ―  zòuyuè  ―  to play music
  2. (obsolete) to play music; to sing
  3. (obsolete) musician
  4. (obsolete) musical instrument
  5. Short for 樂經／乐经 (Yuèjīng, “Classic of Music”).
  6. a surname
    樂毅／乐毅  ―  Yuè Yì  ―  Yue Yi (a prominent military leader of the State of Yan during the Warring States period)
  7. (slang) short form for 樂子
Usage notes
[edit]

The surname 樂／乐 (yuè) is different from the surname 樂／乐 (lè).

Synonyms
[edit]
  • (music):
edit

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (樂):
  • → Japanese: 楽(がく) (gaku)
  • → Korean: 악(樂) (ak)
  • → Vietnamese: nhạc (樂)

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Rime
Character 樂
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 盧各切
Baxter lak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lak̚/
Li
Rong 		/lɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/lɑk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/lɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		luò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lok6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 樂
Reading # 2/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ˁawk/
English joy; enjoy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 樂
Reading # 2/3
No. 7673
Phonetic
component 		樂
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		落
Old
Chinese 		/*raːwɢ/

Definitions

[edit]

樂

  1. joyful; happy; glad
    Synonym: 快 (kuài)
    樂不可支／乐不可支  ―  lèbùkězhī  ―  to be overwhelmed with joy
    心裡樂開了花／心里乐开了花  ―  xīnlǐ lè kāi le huā  ―  to be overjoyed
  2. happiness; joy; pleasure
  3. (obsolete) lasciviousness; lechery; decadence
  4. to laugh; to smile
    你把我逗樂了。 [MSC, trad.]
    你把我逗乐了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ bǎ wǒ dòulè le. [Pinyin]
    You amused me./You made me laugh.
  5. to enjoy; to love
    樂此不疲／乐此不疲  ―  lècǐbùpí  ―  to never get tired of it
  6. (Cantonese) Short for 可樂／可乐 (kělè, “cola”).
  7. 24th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "joy" (𝌝)
  8. a surname
Usage notes
[edit]

The surname 樂／乐 (lè) is different from the surname 樂／乐 (yuè).

Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to laugh; to smile):
Dialectal synonyms of 笑 (“to laugh; to smile”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 笑
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 樂, 笑
Taiwan 笑
Harbin 樂
Malaysia 笑
Singapore 笑
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 笑
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 笑
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 笑
Xi'an 笑
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 笑
Wuhan 笑, 奢
Guilin 笑
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 笑
Hefei 笑
Cantonese Guangzhou 笑
Hong Kong 笑
Yangjiang 笑
Beihai 笑
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 笑
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 笑
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 笑
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 笑
Móng Cái 笑
Gan Nanchang 笑
Pingxiang 笑
Hakka Meixian 笑
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 笑
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 笑
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 笑
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 笑
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 笑
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 笑
Huizhou Jixi 笑
Jin Taiyuan 笑
Northern Min Jian'ou 笑
Eastern Min Fuzhou 笑
Southern Min Xiamen 笑
Quanzhou 笑
Zhangzhou 笑
Manila (Hokkien) 笑
Chaozhou 笑
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 笑
Binyang 笑
Shehua Fu'an 笑
Fuding 笑
Luoyuan 笑
Sanming 笑
Shunchang 笑
Hua'an 笑
Guixi (Zhangping) 笑
Cangnan 笑
Jingning (Hexi) 笑
Lishui 笑
Longyou 笑
Chaozhou 笑
Fengshun 笑
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 笑
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 笑
Luxi (Baisha) 笑
Wu Shanghai 笑
Suzhou 笑
Danyang 笑
Hangzhou 笑
Wenzhou 笑
Xiang Changsha 笑
Shuangfeng 笑

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (樂):

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Rime
Character 樂
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 肴 (90)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五敎切
Baxter ngaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠauH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋᵚauH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋauH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋaɨwH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋauH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋauH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋauH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yào
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngaau6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 樂
Reading # 3/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yào
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngæwH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ]ˁrawk-s/
English cause to rejoice

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 樂
Reading # 1/3
No. 7670
Phonetic
component 		樂
Rime
group 		豹
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		樂
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋraːwɢs/

Definitions

[edit]

樂

  1. (obsolete) to be fond of; to enjoy; to appreciate

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (樂):

Pronunciation 4

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

樂

  1. Used in place names.
    樂亭／乐亭  ―  Làotíng  ―  Laoting (county of Hebei)
    樂陵／乐陵  ―  Làolíng  ―  Laoling (county-level city in Shandong)

Pronunciation 5

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 樂 – see 療 (“to treat; to cure; to heal; therapy; treatment”).
(This character is a variant form of 療).

Pronunciation 6

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

樂

  1. Used in compounds.

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Shinjitai

楽

Kyūjitai

樂

Kanji

[edit]
樂

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 楽)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 楽

Readings

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 樂 (MC ngaewH):

  • Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)←げう (geu, historical)
  • Kan-on: ごう (gō)←がう (gau, historical)
  • Kun: このむ (konomu, 樂む)

From Middle Chinese 樂 (MC ngaewk, “music, singing”):

From Middle Chinese 樂 (MC lak, “comfort, ease”):

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 樂 (MC ngaewk).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngák)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 음악〮 (Yale: ùm-ák) 악〮 (Yale: ák)
Early Modern Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 풍류 (pungnyu) 악 (ak)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

樂 (eumhun 노래 악 (norae ak))

  1. hanja form? of 악 (“music; tune; melody; song”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 2

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 樂 (MC lak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 락〮 (Yale: lák)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 낙ᄒᆞᆯ (Yale: nak-hol) 락 (Yale: lak)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 즐길 (Yale: culkil) 락 (Yale: lak)
Early Modern Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 즐길 (jeulgil) 락 (rak)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

樂 (eumhun 즐길 락 (jeulgil rak), word-initial (South Korea) 즐길 낙 (jeulgil nak))

  1. hanja form? of 락/낙 (“to enjoy; happiness; pleasure”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 3

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 樂 (MC ngaewH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅭᇢ〮 (Yale: ngyów)
Early Modern Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 됴히 너길 (dyohi neogil) 요 (yo)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

樂 (eumhun 좋아할 요 (joahal yo))

  1. (literary) hanja form? of 요 (“to be fond of; to like”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

樂: Hán Nôm readings: lạc, nhạc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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