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"O 5 B8?8G5= ?@54AB028B5; =0 ;>H8B5 A8;8.  A5 2J7?>;720 2 <0:A8<0;=0 AB5?5= >B 2@>45=0B0 4>1@>B0 8 =528==>AB =0 E>@0B0, 70 40 <0<8 8 ABJ?:0 ?> ABJ?:0 70?>G20 2A5 ?>25G5 40 C=8I>6020 G>25H:8B5 A?>A>1=>AB8. 0:2> 8<0 ?@54284 ?0@B8OB0, :>30B> B2J@48, G5 =O<0 40 8<0 =>2 8B09 157 :><C=8AB8G5A:0B0 ?0@B8O? B >A=>2020=5B> A8 ?@57 1921 3. 4>:0B> 275<0 2;0ABB0 ?@57 1949 3., 4>:070B5;AB20B0 OA=> ?>:0720B, G5 157 87<0<8 8 =0A8;85  =O<0H5 40 5 =0 2;0AB.  A5 @07;8G020 >B 2A8G:8 4@C38 284>25 >@30=870F88 ?> B>20, G5 A;5420 872@0B5=0B0 845>;>38O =0 <0@:A87<0 8 ;5=8=87<0, 8 ?@028 :0:2>B> A8 8A:0. A8G:>, :>5B> ?@028, BO <>65 40 >1OA=8 A 2J728H5=8 B5>@88 8 ?> E8BJ@ =0G8= 40 38 A2J@65 A >?@545;5=8 ?@>A;>9:8 >B >1I5AB2>B>, :0B> ?> B>78 =0G8=  >?@02405 459AB28OB0 A8. "O 1J;20 ?@>?030=40 2A5:84=52=>, >1;8G09:8 AB@0B5388B5 A8 2 @07;8G=8 ?@8=F8?8 8 B5>@88, 4>:07209:8, G5 28=038 5 ?@020. 0728B85B> =0  5 ?@>F5A =0 =0B@C?20=5 =0 7;> 157 :0:20B> 8 40 5 A;020. AB>@8OB0 =0  OA=> ?>:0720 =59=0B0 =570:>==>AB. 8B09A:8OB =0@>4 =5 8718@0 ; 2<5AB> B>20  =0;030 :><C=87<0  B>78 GC64 ;>H ?@87@0: - 2J@EC :8B09A:8O =0@>4, G@57 ?@8;030=5 =0 ?>:20@5=8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8, =0A;545=8 >B :><C=8AB8G5A:0B0 ?0@B8O  7;>, 87<0<0, ?>4AB@5:0B5;AB2>, >B?@8I20=5 87<5BB0 =0 >1I5AB2>B>, H?8>=06, ?;OG:>A20=5, 1>@10, 5;8<8=8@0=5 8 :>=B@>;. ****************** 5;56:8: [1] >B E8<=0 =0 :><C=8AB8B5  =B5@=0F8>=0;JB . [2] B 4>:;040 =0 0>  0 ?@>CG20=5B> =0 A5;A:>B> 42865=85 2 %C=0= (<0@B 1927 3.). [3] 8B09A:0 =0@>4=0 ;535=40.  5;>:>A>B> <><8G5 5 8AB>@8O 70 157A<J@B=> <><8G5, :>5B> 68255 2 ?5I5@0 8 8<0 A2@JEA?>A>1=>AB8, A :>8B> =03@064020 4>1@>B> 8 =0:0720 ;>H>B>, ?>4:@5?O ?@0254=8B5 8 >3@0=8G020 ;>H8B5. J?@5:8 B>20 2 <>45@=0B0 :8B09A:0 4@0<0, >?5@0 8 10;5B BO 28=038 5 >?8A20=0 :0B> <><8G5, :>5B> 5 ?@8=C45=> 40 871O30 2 ?5I5@0B0 A;54 :0B> 10I0 9 5 ?@518B 4> A<J@B 70@048 B>20, G5 >B:0720 40 O ><J68 70 2J7@0AB5= 75<52;045;5F. "O ?>15;O20 70@048 ;8?A0B0 =0 E@0=0. AB>@8OB0 A5 ?@52@JI0 2 54=0 >B =09-?>?C;O@=8B5  AJ2@5<5==8 4@0<8 2 8B09 8 ?>4AB@5:020 :;0A>20 ><@070 :J< 75<52;045;F8B5. [4] C<?5= ?@>;5B0@80B - 3@C1> ?@52545= :0B> 154=8 @01>B=8F8. ">78 B5@<8= >?@545;O :;0A0B0 =0 >BE2J@;5=8B5, ?@>?04=0;8 8;8 ?>475<=8 5;5<5=B8, :>8B> ?@54AB02;O20B G0AB >B =0A5;5=85B> =0 8=4CAB@80;=8B5 F5=B@>25. "O 2:;NG20 ?@>AOF8, ?@>AB8BCB:8, 30=3AB5@8, @5:5BL>@8, 87=C420G8, 4@51=8 ?@5ABJ?=8F8, A:8B=8F8, E@>=8G=> 157@01>B=8 8 =53>4=8 70 @01>B0 E>@0, 87E2J@;5=8 >B 8=4CAB@8OB0 8 2A8G:8 284>25 ?@>?04=0;8 5;5<5=B8. "5@<8=JB 5 AJ74045= >B 0@:A 2  ;0A>28B5 1>@18 2J2 $@0=F8O (1848-1850 3.) [5] 6>C =;09 (5 <0@B 1898 3.  8 O=C0@8 1976 3.) e 2B>@8 ?> 8725AB=>AB A;54 0> 2 8AB>@8OB0 =0 . ">9 5 2>45I0 D83C@0 2  8 ?@5<85@ =0 8B09 >B 1949 3. 4> A<J@BB0 A8. [6] C (C=460= ?J@2>=0G0;=> 5 548= >B 48@5:B>@8B5 =0 035=BC@0B0 =0 . @57 1931 3. B>9 5 0@5ABC20= >B " 8 8< AJB@C4=8G8 ?@8 @07:@820=5B> =0 <=>3> >B 035=B8B5 =0 . A8G:8 >A5< G;5=>25 =0 A5<59AB2>B> =0 C ?>-:JA=> A0 C4CH5=8 2J2 $@5=A:0B0 >=F5A8O 2 (0=E09. 86B5:  AB>@8O =0 C189AB20B0 =0   The CCP s History of Assassinations 70 ?>25G5 8=D>@<0F8O (http://english.epochtimes.com/news/4-7-14/22421.html). [7] >9=0B0 <564C  8 " ?@57 N=8 1946 3. 5 15;O70=0 >B B@8 ?>A;54>20B5;=8 :0<?0=88: 80>HJ-(5=O=, %809-%09 8 59?8=-"80=468=, A;54 :>5B>  275<0 2;0ABB0 >B " 8 B>20 4>25640 4> >A=>2020=5B> =0   =0 1 >:B><2@8 1949 3>48=0. [8] '80= 09-(5: 5 ;845@ =0 ", :>9B> 5 ?@0B5= 2 873=0=85 2 "0920=. [9] %C >=0= (1896-1962 3.) 5 @>45= 2 >:>;8O (80>DJ= (A530 G0AB >B >:>;8O =468), ?@>28=F8O 65468O=; ?>A;54>20B5;=> 5 70<5AB=8: :><0=48@, 459AB20I :><0=48@ 8 3;025= >B3>2>@=8: =0 .3>70?04=8O 2>5=5= 8 04<8=8AB@0B825= 35=5@0;5= I01 =0 ". [10] 8 (80=O= (1909-1992 3.), 548= >B 3;02=8B5 ;845@8 =0 . @57845=B =0 8B09 ?@57 1983 3. 783@020 206=0 @>;O :0B> ?><030 =0 J= !O>?8= 40 A8 2J72J@=5 2;0ABB0 ?@57 >:B><2@8 1976 3. 2 :@0O =0 C;BC@=0B0 @52>;NF8O. [11] >30B>  70?>G20 ?>75<;5=0B0 @5D>@<0, BO :0B53>@878@0 8 3>@0B0. !@54 :;0A8B5 =0 2@03>25B5 A0 2:;NG5=8 8=B5;5:BC0;F8, ?@81;865=8 :J< 75<52;045;F8, @50:F8>=5@8, H?8>=8 8 4@C38. "5 A0 ?>A>G5=8 :0B> @0=3 =><5@ 9. [12] B AB8E>B2>@5=85B> =0 !8<0 '80= (>:>;> 145-135 ?@.%@. - >:>;> 87 ?@.%@.), 8AB>@8: 8 CG5= >B 48=0AB8OB0 70?045= %0=. 53>28 8725AB=8 B2>@18 A0:  A5:8 B@O120 40 C<@5; G>25: C<8@0 8;8 ?>-BJ@65AB25=> >B ?;0=8=0B0 "80=H0= 8;8 ?>-;5: >B ?5@> . ;0=8=0B0 "80=H0= 5 54=0 >B 3;02=8B5 ?;0=8=8 2 8B09. [13] /= C8A>=  @0BJ: @071>@ =0 D8=0=A>20B0 ?><>I =0 >A:20, 4020=0 =0 :8B09A:0B0 :><C=8AB8G5A:0 ?0@B8O >B 1920 4> 1940 3. (1) , No. 27, =B5@=5B 8740=85 =0 21 Century (30 N=8 2004). http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/supplem/essay/040313a.htm (=0 :8B09A:8). 2B>@JB /= C8A>= 5 87A;54>20B5; =0 AJ2@5<5==0B0 8AB>@8O 2 8B09A:0B0 0:045<8O ?> A>F80;=8 =0C:8. >=0AB>OI5< 5 ?@>D5A>@ 2 >B45;0 ?> 8AB>@8O 2 5:8=A:8O C=825@A8B5B 8 ?><>I=8:-?@>D5A>@ 2 7B>G=8O :8B09A:8 C=825@A8B5B. [14]  !525@=0B0 5:A?548F8O 5 2>5==0 :0<?0=8O, 2>45=0 >B '80= 09-(5: ?@57 1927 3. A F5; >1548=5=85B> =0 8B09 ?>4 @J:>2>4AB2>B> =0 " 8 70 ?@5:@0BO20=5 2;048G5AB2>B> =0 <5AB=8B5 75<52;045;F8. > 2@5<5 =0 A525@=0B0 5:A?548F8O  5 2 AJN7 A ". [15] 52>;NF8>==>B> 42865=85 ?> 2@5<5 =0 AJN70 =0  8 ", 15;O70=> AJA A525@=0B0 5:A?548F8O. [16] !C= /B-A5= (1866-1925 3.), >A=>20B5; =0 AJ2@5<5=5= 8B09. [17] 0F8>=0;=0B0 @52>;NF8>==0 0@<8O, :>=B@>;8@0=0 >B ", 5 =0F8>=0;=0B0 0@<8O =0  . @57 ?5@8>40 =0 AJN70 -" BO 2:;NG20 G;5=>25, :>8B> A5 ?@8AJ548=O20B :J< AJN70. [18] 0 12 0?@8; 1927 3. ", 2>45=0 >B '80= 09-(5:, 70?>G20 2>5==0 >?5@0F8O A@5IC  2 (0=E09 8 <=>3> 4@C38 3@04>25. B 5000 4> 6000 G;5=>25 =0  A0 ?;5=5=8 8 <=>3> >B BOE A0 C18B8 2 (0=E09 <564C 12 0?@8; 8 :@0O =0 1927 3>48=0. [19] ;0=8=0B0 6830=H0= A5 AG8B0 70 ?J@20B0 A5;A:0 @52>;NF8>==0 1070 =0  8 A5 =0@8G0  ;N;:0B0 =0 '5@25=0B0 0@<8O . [20] 8B:8B5 80>HJ-(5=O=, 5:8=-"80=468= 8 %C09-%09 A0 B@8B5 3;02=8 1>O <564C  8 " >B A5?B5<2@8 1948 3. 4> O=C0@8 1949 3., :>8B> 4>25640B 4> C=8I>6020=5B> =0 3>;O<0 G0AB >B 10B0;L>=8B5 =0 ".  B@8B5 18B:8 A0 4045=8 <8;8>=8 G>25H:8 65@B28. [21] 8= 0> (1907-1971 3.), 548= >B 3;02=8B5 ;845@8 =0 , ?>4G8=5= =0 0> &754C= :0B> G;5= =0 >;8B1N@>, 28F5?@5<85@ (1958 3. 8 <8=8ABJ@ =0 >B1@0=0B0 (1959 3.). 8= A5 G8B0 70 0@E8B5:B0 =0 5;8:0B0 :C;BC@=0 @52>;NF8O. 8= 5 >?@545;5= 70 ?@85<=8: ?@57 1966 3., => 3C18 1;03>A:;>==>ABB0 =0 0> ?@57 1970 3. @54CA5I09:8 ?045=85B> A8, 8= A5 >?8B20 40 871O30 2 !!!  A;54 @07:@820=5B> =0 703>2>@0. > 2@5<5 =0 ?>;5B0 >10G5 A0<>;5BJB <C A5 @071820 2J2 JB@5H=0 >=3>;8O 8 B>9 C<8@0. [22] 'C '8C109 (1899-1935 3.), 5 548= >B @0==8B5 ;845@8 8 8725AB=8 ;528 ?8A0B5;8. ">9 5 ?;5=5= >B " =0 23 D52@C0@8 1935 3. 8 C<8@0 =0 18 N=8 AJI0B0 3>48=0. [23]  "@8B5 ?@54AB028 5 ?J@2>=0G0;=> A?><5=0B0 2 @5GB0 =0 &7O= &7J<8= ?@57 D52@C0@8 2000 3. !?>@54 4>:B@8=0B0 =0 ?@>872545=85B>, ?0@B8OB0 B@O120 40 ?@54AB02;O20 B5=45=F8O =0 @0728B85 =0 =0?@54=0;8B5 :8B09A:8 ?@>872>48B5;=8 A8;8, >@85=B0F8OB0 =0 =0?@54=0;0B0 :8B09A:0 :C;BC@0 8 >A=>2=8B5 8=B5@5A8 =0 ?@5>1;04020I0B0 G0AB >B :8B09A:>B> >1I5AB2>. [24] 60= >46C= (1895-1969 3.) 5 548= >B AJ>A=>20B5;8B5 =0 8B09A:0B0 45<>:@0B8G=0 ;830, 45<>:@0B8G=0 ?0@B8O 2 8B09. ">9 5 :;0A8D8F8@0= :0B> 4OA=>>@85=B8@0= =><5@ 1 ?@57 1957 3. >B 0> &754C= 8 5 548= >B <0;:>B>  45A=8 , :>8B> =5 A0 >BAB@0=5=8 A;54 C;BC@=0B0 @52>;NF8O. [25] C> >46J (1898-1965 3.) 5 548= >B AJ>A=>20B5;8B5 =0 8B09A:0B0 45<>:@0B8G=0 ;830, 45<>:@0B8G=0 ?0@B8O 2 8B09. ">9 5 :;0A8D8F8@0= :0B> 4OA=>>@85=B8@0= =><5@ 1 ?@57 1957 3. >B 0> &754C= 8 5 548= >B <0;:>B>  45A=8 , :>8B> =5 A0 >BAB@0=5=8 A;54 C;BC@=0B0 @52>;NF8O. [26] C 8, <0=46C@A:> 8<5 8A8= 8>@> (1906 1967 3.), ?>A;54=8OB 8<?5@0B>@ (1908 1912 3.) =0 8B09, C?@02;O20; ?>4 8<5B> %AC0= " C=. !;54 >B:0720=5B> >B ?@5AB>;0, =>2>B> @5?C1;8:0=A:> ?@028B5;AB2> <C 4020 3>;O<0 4J@602=0 ?5=A8O 8 <C ?>72>;O20 40 68255 2 01@0=5=8O 3@04 2 5:8= 4> 1924 3. !;54 1925 3. B>9 68255 2 O?>=A:0B0 >=F5A8O 2 "80=468=. @57 1934 3., F0@C209:8 ?>4 8<5B>  0= "J, AB020 8<?5@0B>@ =0 I0B0 0=GC:C>, 8;8 0=46C@8O. %20=0B 5 >B @CA=0F8B5 ?@57 1945 3., :>8B> 3> 4J@60B :0B> 70B2>@=8:. @57 1946 3. C 8 A2845B5;AB20 =0 45;>B> 70 ">:89A:8B5 2>5==8 ?@5ABJ?;5=8O, 2 :>8B> 5 =52>;5= 8=AB@C<5=B, =5 :0:B> B2J@4OB O?>=A:8B5 2>5==8, G5 5 18; 8=AB@C<5=B =0 0=46C@A:0B0 A2>1>40 =0 2>;OB0. @57 1950 3. 5 ?@54045= =0 :8B09A:8B5 :><C=8AB8 8 5 70B2>@5= 2 (5=O= 4> 1959 3., :>30B> 0> &754C= <C 4020 0<=8AB8O. [27] B  I5 =O:>;:> 4C<8 =0 'C '8C109 >B 23 <09 1935 3. ?@548 A<J@BB0 <C =0 18 N=8 1935 3>48=0. [28] 60= #5=B80= (1900-1976 3.), 2065= ;845@ =0  >B 30-B5 3>48=8. 0<5AB=8:-2J=H5= <8=8ABJ@ =0 8B09 >B 1954 3. 4> 1960 3., ?@5A;5420= 4> A<J@B ?@57 1976 3. ?> 2@5<5 =0 C;BC@=0B0 @52>;NF8O. !;CG0OB <C 5 ?>2483=0B >B=>2> ?@57 023CAB 1979 3>48=0. [29] >A;54=8OB >B 45A5BB5 35=5@0;=8 A5:@5B0@8 =0 , :>9B> 5 >BAB@0=5= ?>@048 =5AJ3;0A85 70 87?>;720=5 =0 A8;0 ?@8 ABC45=BA:8B5 45<>=AB@0F88 =0 ?;>I04 "O=0=<J= ?@57 1989 3>48=0. [30] 60= C>B0> (1897-1979 3.), 548= >B >A=>20B5;8B5 =0 . 73>=5= >B  ?@57 0?@8; 1938 3. 0<8=020 70 "0920= ?@57 =>5<2@8 1948 3. 8 70 %>=3 >=3 ?@57 1949 3. <83@8@0 2 0=040 ?@57 1968 3>48=0. [31]  0=40B0 =0 G5B8@8<0B0 5 D>@<8@0=0 >B AJ?@C30B0 =0 0> &754C=, &7O= '8= (1913-1991 3.), A;C68B5;OB >B (0=E09A:8O ?@>?030=45= >B45; 60= 'C=G80> (1917-1991 3.), ;8B5@0BC@=8OB :@8B8: /> #5=O= (1931 3.) 8 H0=E09A:8OB >E@0=8B5; =0 A83C@=>ABB0 #0= %>=C5= (1935-1992). "5 A5 874830B 2J2 2;0ABB0 ?> 2@5<5 =0 C;BC@=0B0 @52>;NF8O (1966-1976 3.) 8 2>4OB :8B09A:0B0 ?>;8B8:0 ?@57 ?J@28B5 3>48=8 =0 70-B5. ("5:ABJB 5 >1=>25= =0 20 A5?B5<2@8 2005 3.) '0AB 3: 5A?>B87<JB =0 :8B09A:0B0 :><C=8AB8G5A:0 ?0@B8O The Epoch Times 13.12.2004. ">20 5 B@5B8OB >B 525B ><5=B0@0 70  /Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party/ @548A;>285 >30B> AB020 4C<0 70 45A?>B87J<, ?>25G5B> :8B09F8 A5 A5I0B 70 '8= (8 %C0=3 (259 210 3. ?@.=.5.), ?J@28OB 8<?5@0B>@ =0 48=0AB8OB0 '8=, G85B> B8@0=8G=> C?@02;5=85 8730@O D8;>A>DA:8 :=838 8 ?>3@5120 6828 CG5=8F8B5 =0 >=DCF89. 5AB>:>B> >B=>H5=85 =0 '8= (8 %C0=3 :J< A>1AB25=8O <C =0@>4 ?@>87B8G0 >B =53>20B0 ?>;8B8:0 =0  ?>44J@60=5 =0 2;0ABB0 A 2A8G:8 A@54AB20 ?>4 =515B> [1]. 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'@57 871820=5, BO ?>B8A:0 A>F80;=8O A<CB 8 =54>2>;AB20B0 >B ?@548H=8B5 9 C189AB20. =5A A;>6=8B5 :J@2028 4J;3>25 =0  =0?@028E0 =52J7<>6=> 1;03>A:;>==>B> @07@5H5=85 =0 ?@>1;5<0. 0@B8OB0 <>65 40 @07G8B0 A0<> =0 8=B5=7825= =0B8A: 8 B>B0;8B0@=> C?@02;5=85, 70 40 ?>44J@60 2;0ABB0 A8 4> ?>A;54=8O <><5=B. J?@5:8, G5 ?>=O:>30 A5 ?@8:@820 G@57 :><?5=A8@0=5 =0 65@B28B5 =0 ?@5ABJ?;5=8OB0,  =8:>30 =5 ?@><5=8 604=0B0 A8 70 :@J2 ?@8@>40. =>3> 25@>OB=> 5  40 =5 A5 ?@><5=8 8 2 1J45I5. ****************** 5;56:8: [1] 8A<> =0 0> &754C= 4> AJ?@C30 <C 680=3 '8=3 (1966 3>48=0). [2] !C?5@ AB@C:BC@0B0 2 :>=B5:AB0 =0 A>F80;=0B0 B5>@8OB0 =0 <0@:A87<0 A5 A2J@720 A =0G8=0 =0 2708<>459AB285 <564C G>25H:8O AC15:B8287J< 8 <0B5@80;=0B0 AC1AB0=F8O =0 >1I5AB2>B>. [3] %C $5=3, CG5= 8 ;8B5@0BC@5= :@8B8:, ?@>B82=8: =0 4>3<0B8G=0B0 ;8B5@0BC@=0 ?>;8B8:0 =0 . 7:;NG5= 5 >B ?0@B8OB0 ?@57 1955 3. 8 5 >AJ45= =0 14 3>48=8 70B2>@. [4] =0;5:B8 (871@0=8 >B:JA8) >B >=DCF89. [5] 528B8:CA 19:18. [6] 0@:A,  ><C=8AB8G5A:8 <0=8D5AB (1848 3>48=0). [7] 0> &754C=,  5<>:@0B8G=0 48:B0BC@0 =0 =0@>40 (1949 3>48=0). [8] 0> &754C=,  85 B@O120 =0?J;=> 40 AJ459AB20<5 (>BCH020=5 =0 @50:F8>=5@8B5) B0:0, G5 2AO:> A5<59AB2> B@O120 40 1J45 8=D>@<8@0=>. (30 <0@B 1951 3>48=0) [9] 0> &754C=,  85 B@O120 5=5@38G=> 8 ?@5F87=> 40 C40@8< ?> @50:F8>=5@8B5 . (1951 3>48=0) [10] 515A=>B> F0@AB2> =0 "09?8=3 (1851  1864 3.), 8725AB=> AJI> :0B> JAB0=85B> "09??8=3, 5 548= >B =09-:J@2028B5 :>=D;8:B8 2 :8B09A:0B0 8AB>@8O. ">20 5 18; A1;JAJ: <564C A8;8B5 =0 8<?5@0B>@A:8 8B09 8 >=578 24JE=>25=8 >B A0<>?@>2J73;0A8;8O A5 <8AB8: >B :C;BC@=0B0 3@C?0 %0:0 %>=3 !8CGC0=, :>9B> 15H5 E@8AB8O=8=. !<OB0 A5, G5 =09-<0;:> 30 <8;8>=0 4CH8 A0 7038=0;8. [11] B 87204:0 2 :=830B0, ?C1;8:C20=0 >B =0<8@0I>B> A5 2 %>=3 >=3 A?8A0=85  'J=3<8=3 (www.chengmingmag.com ), >B >:B><2@8 1996 3. [12] >;5<8O A:>: =0?@54 (1958  1960 3.) 15H5 :0<?0=8O =0 , :>OB> B@O120H5 40 7042868 8=4CAB@8OB0 8 2 G0AB=>AB ?@>872>4AB2>B> =0 AB><0=0. "078 :0<?0=8O 5 ?>7=0B0 AJI> :0B> 54=> >B =09-3>;5<8B5 8:>=><8G5A:8 154AB28O. [13] C1;8:C20=0 ?@57 D52@C0@8 1994 3>48=0 >B 8740B5;A:0 :JI0  '5@25=> =0<5 . &8B0BJB 5 ?@52545= >B ?@52>40G0. [14] 48=8F0 70 87<5@20=5 =0 75<O 2 8B09. 1 <C = 0.165 0:@0. [15] J=3 JEC59 (1898  1974 3.) - :8B09A:8 :><C=8AB8G5A:8 35=5@0; 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8 ;845@. J=3 5 18; 3;02=>:><0=420I 2J2 2>9=0B0 A >@5O, 28F5?@5<85@ =0 4J@602=8O AJ25B, G;5= =0 ?>;8B1N@> 8 18=8ABJ@ =0 >B1@0=0B0 >B 1954  1959 3>48=0. ">9 18; A20;5= >B ?>AB0 A;54 :0B> =5 A5 AJ3;0A8; A ;528G0@A:8B5 ?>4E>48 =0 0> ?> 2@5<5 =0 ;5=C<0 =0  2 CH0= ?@57 1959 3. [16] J 603J@, 59<J=4 6.,  @03JB >B2JB@5 . 8;4 C:A,  0B>;8: ?>;A 8=:>@?>@59B54 (1968 3.) [17] 0A>2>B> 871820=5 2 0A8=3 5 ?@57 023CAB 1966 3. ?> 2@5<5 =0 ?@><O=0B0 =0 ?0@B89=8O A5:@5B0@80B 2 5:8=. ">3020 =0 A@5I0 A >1I5AB25=>B> 1N@> 70 A83C@=>AB 2 5:8= <8=8ABJ@JB =0 >1I5AB25=0B0 157>?0A=>AB !85 $C468 >1OA=O20, G5 8<0 2<5H0B5;AB2> <564C '5@25=8B5 :0@0C;8 8  ?5BB5 G5@=8 :;0A8 . !;54 A@5I0B0, N@>B> 70 A83C@=>AB 2 0A8=3 =570102=> A5 705<0 A B>20 8 D>@<8@0 ?;0=, 70 40 ?>41C48 <0A8B5 2 0A8= 40 8718OB  ?5BB5 G5@=8 :;0A8 . [18] 6J=3 8,  '5@25=8OB 5<>@80; ("09?5, 740B5;A:0 :JI0 =0 :8B09A:0B0 B5;52878O, 1993 3>48=0). "078 :=830 5 4>ABJ?=0 8 =0 0=3;89A:8: Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China by Yi Zheng, ?@52545=0 8 874045=0 >B T. P. Sym (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998) [19]  !B0@>B> >1I5AB2> , :0:B>  3> =0@8G0, A5 A2J@720 A ?5@8>40 ?@548 1949 3., 0  =>2>B> >1I5AB2> A5 A2J@720 A ?5@8>40 A;54 1949 3>48=0, :>30B>  275<0 2;0ABB0 2 AB@0=0B0. [20]  @02> O:5 5 A@54AB2> 70 <JG5=85. JF5B5 =0 65@B20B0 A5 872820B 8 702J@720B A 2J65 704 3J@10, 0 A;54 B>20 A5 874J@?20B =0?@54 =04 8 ?@57 3;020. ">78 =0G8= =0 <JG5=85 <>65 40 >A0:0B8 @JF5B5 =0 G>25:. !;54 B>20 65@B20B0 5 =0B8:20=0 =0A8;AB25=> 2  @02> O:5 8 70:0G0=0 2J2 2J74CE0 70 @JF5B5. >A;54AB285B> >B B>20 65AB>:> <JG5=85 5 AGC?20=5 =0 :>AB8B5 2 @0<>B>, ;0:B8B5, :8B:0B0 8 3J@10, :>5B> G5AB> 2>48 4> A<J@B >B =5?>=>A8<0B0 1>;:0. 0 ?>25G5 8=D>@<0F8O: Chinese: http//search.minghui.org/mh/articles /2004/9/30/85430.html English:http/ www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2004/9/10/52274.html [21] @57 1930 3>48=0 0> =0@548 =0 ?0@B8OB0 40 87185 E8;O48 ?0@B89=8 G;5=>25, 2>9=8F8 >B '5@25=0B0 0@<8O 8 =528==8 3@0640=8 2 ?@>28=F8O 680=3A8, 2 >?8B 40 C:@5?8 2;0ABB0 A8 2 >1;0AB8B5, :>=B@>;8@0=8 >B . 0 ?>25G5 8=D>@<0F8O: Chinese:http//kanzhongguo.com/news/articles/4/4/27/64064.html [22] 0> 0=3 8 0> (CHJ A0 18;8 G;5=>25 =0 &5=B@0;=8O :><8B5B =0 . !;54 =5CA?5E 2 1>@10B0 70 2;0AB, ?@57 1954 3. B5 18;8 >128=5=8 G5 :@>OB ?;0=>25 40 @07F5?OB ?0@B8OB0 =0 425 G0AB8 8 2 ?>A;54AB285 18;8 87:;NG5=8 >B ?0@B8OB0. [23] 6>C =;09 (1989  1976 3.) 15H5 2B>@8 ?> 7=0G8<>AB 70 0> 2 8AB>@8OB0 =0 . ">9 15H5 @J:>2>4=0 D83C@0 2  8 ?@5<85@ =0 0@>4=0 @5?C1;8:0 8B09 >B 1949 3. 4> =53>20B0 A<J@B. [24] #0=3 !80=35=,  >:C<5=B8 70 ?>4:@5?0B0 =0 85B=0< 2 1>@10B0 A@5IC <5@8:0 . (5:8=, =B5@=0F8>=0;=0 :C;BC@=0 8740B5;A:0 :><?0=8O, 1990 3>48=0) [25] 60=3 68A8=3 18;0 8=B5;5:BC0;:0, :>OB> 5 87B57020=0 4> A<J@B >B  ?> 2@5<5 =0 5;8:0B0 :8B09A:0 @52>;NF8O, 70I>B> :@8B8:C20;0 ?@>20;0 =0 0> 2 >;5<8O A:>: =0?@54 8 70I>B> 18;0 >B:@8B0 8 :0720;0 8AB8=0B0. E@0=0B0 =0 70B2>@0 G5AB> O AJ1;8G0;0 3>;0 8 O E2J@;O;0 2 BJ<=8F0 A <J65 70B2>@=8F8, :J45B> 18;0 87=0A8;20=0 <=>3>:@0B=>, 4>:0B> ?>;C4O;0.  70B2>@0 A5 AB@0EC20;8, G5 I5 87:@5I8 ;>7C=38 ?> 2@5<5 =0 5:75:CF8OB0 9, 70B>20 @07@O70;8 3J@;>B> 9 ?@548 B>20. [26] B 7A;54>20B5;A:0 D>=40F8O 0>309, 12-B8 >:B><2@8 2004 3>48=0.: http://www.laogai.org/news 2/newdetail.php?id =391 (=0 :8B09A:8) [27] 48= >B B@8B5 8=AB@C<5=B0 (<5B>48 =0 ?@>872>4AB2>, 284 =0 ?@>872>4AB2> 8 2@J7:8 2 ?@>872>4AB2>B>), :>8B> 0@:A 87?>;720 70 0=0;87 =0 A>F80;=8B5 :;0A8. @>872>4AB25=8B5 2@J7:8 5 70 E>@0B0, :>8B> ?@8B56020B A@54AB20B0 8 >=578, :>8B> =5 38 ?@8B56020B, B>5AB 2@J7:0B0 <564C A>1AB25=8:0 =0 8<>B0 8 >@0G0, 8;8 :0?8B0;8AB0 8 @01>B=8:0. [28] 5=F8CA, :=830 3, 5=3C8= :;0A8G5A:8 A5@88, ?@52545=0 >B . !. 0C. [29] B $0= 6>=380= (989-1052 3.), 15;568B :8B09A:8 2J7?8B0B5;, ?8A0B5; 8 A;C68B5; 2 ?@028B5;AB2>B> =0 A525@=0B0 48=0AB8O !>=3. ">78 F8B0B 5 >B =59=0B0 8725AB=0 ?@>70  7:0G209:8 :C;0B0 .5O=3 . [30] B C /=<C (1613  1682 3.) 87BJ:=0B ?5403>3 >B @0==0B0 48=0AB8O '8=3. [31] B 5=F8CA, :=830 7. 5=3C8= :;0A8G5A:8 A5@88, ?@52>4 . !. 0C. 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"=F845=BJB 0@8" 18; >AJI5AB25= =0 21 <09 1927 3. 2 '0=H0=, ?@>28=F8O %C0=. ";0=5B> =0 12 0?@8;" 18;> >AJI5AB25=> =0 12 0?@8; 1927 3. 2 (0=E09.  2 420B0 A;CG0O G;5=>25 =0  8 0:B828AB8, ?>44J@60I8 ?0@B8OB0, 18;8 ?>4;>65=8 =0 =0?045=8O, 0@5AB8 8;8 C189AB20. [11] 8C 8 (Liu Di), >D8F5@ >B 20-B0 '5@25=0 0@<8O, :>9B> 18; >128=5= 2 CG0AB85 2 "3@C?8@>2:0B0 ", 2483=0; 2JAB0=85 2 3@04 $CBO= (Futian). JAB0=8F8B5 ?@5275;8 3@040 8 >A2>1>48;8 =04 100 70B2>@=8F8, >128=5=8 2 CG0AB85 2 "3@C?8@>2:0B0 " A 28:>25 ">;C 0> &754C=". [12] 5=3 5EC09 (Peng Dehuai) (1898-1974 3.)  ?>;8B8G5A:8OB ;845@ =0 :><C=8AB8G5A:8 8B09 18; 3;02=>:><0=420I 2 >@59A:0B0 2>9=0, 28F5?@5<85@ =0 4J@602=8O AJ25B, G;5= =0 ?>;8B1N@> 8 <8=8ABJ@ =0 >B1@0=0B0 >B 1954 4> 1959 3>48=0. ">9 18; >A2>1>45= >B >D8F80;=8O ?>AB 2 =025G5@85B> =0 ?;5=C<0 ?@57 1959 3. 2 CH0=, 70@048 =5AJ3;0A85 A ;845@JB 0>. [13] 7 "Li Lisan: The Person for Whom Four Memorial Services Have Been Held" [14] ">20 A0 G5B8@8B5 ?@8=F8?0: A>F80;8AB8G5A:8 ?JB, 48:B0BC@0 =0 ?@>;5B0@80B0, 2>40G5AB2> =0 :><?0@B8OB0, <0@:A87J<-;5=8=87J< 8  @54AB028B5 =0 0> &754C=. ("5:ABJB 5 >1=>25= =0 21 A5?B5<2@8 2005 3>48=0) '0AB 9: 57A:@C?C;=0B0 ?@8@>40 =0 :8B09A:0B0 :><C=8AB8G5A:0 ?0@B8O The Epoch Times 30 45:5<2@8 2004. 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