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Standing cell

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Cells at Auschwitz concentration camp's notorious Block 11. Hatch to a standing cell is seen at the end of the corridor

A standing cell is a special cell constructed so as to prevent the prisoner from doing anything but stand. It was used in 19th century Turkey, and in 20th century Chile, Germany, and Soviet Union. The Stehbunker was used in Nazi concentration camps during the Third Reich as a punishment.[1] Standing cells were also used during Joseph Stalin's purges in the Soviet Union.[2] Some standing cells were small enough for only one person, others held as many as four people.

Ottoman Empire

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The Armenian hosiery-manufacturer and musician Samuel Hovannes Zorian was arrested in 1895 by Ottoman authorities for being a political activist. He was beaten and incarcerated in a so-called "police room", measuring barely two square feet (0.19 m2) and with no windows. On the second day, he was dragged out and beaten almost senseless with sticks. Zorian was then sent back to the "police room" where he was confined for a further week and was only sustained on a diet of bread and water, with no medical attention given to him during that period.[3]

Nazi Germany

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Oranienburg

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SA camp commandant Werner Schäfer had two cells built in the basement of the Oranienburg concentration camp in 1933. The dimensions of the cell were such that a person could only stand. A prisoner surnamed Neumann was held there for 192 hours (eight full days) and was allegedly driven mad as a result of his confinement. At times, prisoners were held in small coffin-sized closets in which they could only stand.

Dachau

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The number of prisoners in Dachau concentration camp increased dramatically in the last years of the Second World War. The concentration camp was overcrowded. In late 1944, the camp command erected standing cells. The stone chambers were similar to chimneys and measured 75 x 80 cm (29.5 x 31.5 inches).[note 1] There was a small hatch on top for air, and a narrow door with an iron bar bolted to the cell. The intensified punitive measure saved room and reinforced the punitive agony. There were also standing cells at the Allach subcamp, where the cells were smaller than at Dachau. Some at other camps were bigger, about 90 x 90 cm (35.5 x 35.5 inches).[4]

For example, the prisoner K. A. Gross and the Polish prisoner Max Hoffmann spent days in the standing cell. Hoffmann described it thus:

It was a terrible state, as I thought that it was over for me, everything was so callous and distant for me. I couldn't lie down, couldn't crouch, the best was to stand, stand, six days and six nights long. [...] You touch the walls on both sides with your elbows, your back touches the wall behind you, your knees the wall in front of you. [...] This is no punishment or pre-trial detention, it is torture, straight forward, Middle Ages torture. I had bloodshot eyes, numb from bad air, I was just waiting for the end.[5]

According to Johannes Neuhäusler [de], an inmate in the standing cell received a single piece of bread in three days.[note 2] On the fourth day, the prisoner was removed from the standing cell, given a normal camp meal ration and allowed to sleep on a wooden cot. On the next day, the three-day confinement in the standing cell began anew.

The SS did not always adhere to the interruption after the third day. A Czech prisoner, Radovan Drazan, spent eight days without a break in a standing cell.[6] Sometimes, prisoners were not even allowed a brief break from the cell, so that they had burns on their bodies from feces and urine.[citation needed]

Auschwitz

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There were four standing cells at Auschwitz in the basement of Block 11, which measured about one square yard (0.84 m2), and in which four persons were crammed, able only to stand. There was only a 2 inches (5.1 cm) opening for air, so that prisoners would not suffocate.[7] Punishment in these cells was usually imposed for a period of 10 days.[7] Auschwitz survivor Josef Kral testified at the Auschwitz Trials about the standing cells where he had been held for six weeks with three meals during that time, and about how one prisoner was so hungry, he ate his shoes.[8][9] Commander Rudolf Höss, the camp commander, stated that punishment in the standing cells was limited to three nights, but this was disputed by prisoners.[7] Artur Liebehenschel, Höss' successor at Auschwitz in 1943, removed the standing cells.[10]

Soviet Union

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According to Soviet defector Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov, the standing cell, called a kishka (Russian for "intestine"),[11] was used as part of the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. After two days in a standing cell, a Secretary of the Tatar Provincial Committee was removed in an unconscious state.[2]

Chile

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There were standing cells at Villa Grimaldi, some of which held a single prisoner, others several.[12]

Sources

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Notes

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  1. ^ The surfaces were measured after camps had been liberated, using foundation ruins.
  2. ^ Neuhäusler refers here to two clergymen, Theissig from Aachen, and Johann Lenz.

References

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  1. ^ Walter Laqueur; Judith Tydor Baumel (29 March 2001). The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  2. ^ a b Robert Conquest (15 November 2007). The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-19-531699-5. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  3. ^ George, Joan (2002). Merchants in Exile: The Armenians in Manchester, England, 1835–1935. Taderon Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1903656082. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  4. ^ Glossary entry for Stehbunker Wollheim Memorial, official website. Retrieved June 6, 2010
  5. ^ Karel Kasak, Cesi v koncentracnim tabore Dachau. in Almanch Dachau. Kytice udalosti a vzpominek, Prague, 1946. Cited in Zámečník, Das war Dachau, p. 349
  6. ^ Mosnáková, Zuzana (August 2004). "Tschechische Häftlinge im Konzentrationslager Dachau" [Czech Prisoners in Dachau Concentration Camp]. haGalil (in German). Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c Leni Yahil (17 October 1991). The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 373–4. ISBN 978-0-19-504523-9. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  8. ^ Rebecca Wittmann (2005). Beyond Justice: The Auschwitz Trial. Harvard University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-674-01694-1. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  9. ^ Audio clip of Kral testimony (excerpt) with photos and prisoner drawings Youtube video. Kral's testimony, with German simultaneous interpreter. Retrieved June 6, 2010 (in German)
  10. ^ David Bankier; Dan Mikhman (2008). Holocaust Historiography in Context: Emergence, Challenges, Polemics and Achievements. Berghahn Books. p. 560. ISBN 978-965-308-326-4. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  11. ^ "Freedom trek: fleeing the Soviet Gulag, Slavomir Rawicz and six comrades--armed with almost nothing except an insatiable hunger for freedom--crossed an entire continent on foot. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  12. ^ "Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation" (PDF). United States Institute of Peace. pp. 635–636. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-06-03. were ten tight spaces for holding prisoners, about 70 by 70 centimeters [two feet square] and two meters high with a tiny door at the bottom which one had to enter on one's knees […] vertical sections like closets where the prisoner had to remain standing in darkness for several days
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