Dholuu

 

Dholuo dialect (ɗemngal [d̪ólúô]) walla Nilotic Kavirondo, ko ɗemngal Luo nder Ɗemɗe nilotɗe, ko Yimɓe Luo miliyoŋ 4.2 e nder Kenya e Tanzania, ɓe njogii yoga e ɓesngu fuunaaŋge nguurndam nguurndamaaku nguurndema Victoria e leyɗeele to woyla. Ɗum huutoroo ngam haɓɓugo nder Ramogi TV e KBC (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, ko haɓɓooɓe Voice of Kenya).

Dholuo ɗon mari nanki bee Alur, Acholi, Adhola e Lango nder Uganda. Dholuu e ɗemɗe Uganda ɗe mbi'eteeɗe dow fuu e ɗemngal ngal e dholuo nder Sudaan worgo e Anuak nder Etiophiya ngam ɓaawo ɓesngu fulɓe ɓurɓe wolde Luo.

Ɗum haani Dholuo ina woodi 90% nanndal leksikal e Leb Alur (Alur), 83% e Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% e Leb Lango e 93% e Dhopadhola (Adhola). Ammaa, ɗeen ɗemɗe ɗon kaɓɓa bana ɗemɗe feere-feere, koo nde ɗemɗe fuɗnaande e ɗemɗe ɗe ɗemɗe ɗemɗe nganndi ɗe geɗe geɗe.

Limti (Looɓe daga Nyanza worgo) (Looɓe nder lesdi Nyanza)

Ɗo ɗon hawta nokkuure nde Misiyonni'en Adventistɓe nyalnde jeeɗiɗawre nder lesdi Afrik fuɗnaange. Rusinga Island e gariiri Kisii ɗon marki.

Fedde nde Dholuo winndi e ɗemngal binndi e ɗamngal binndi Dholuo hannde, e ɓamtaare Yimɓe Jaluo nder Kenya, fuɗɗii e 1907 e ardeede misiyonarɗo Adventist Day Seventh-day mo Kanada Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, mo golle misiyonarɗe mum nder duuɓi 14 e dow fuɗnaange fuɗnaande maayo Victoria taƴii. (Ɗum ɗon nafata tan to Luo nder Nyanza worgo, je ɗon haa fuunaaŋge maayo Victoria). Tawi taƴuki ɗu'um haa hannde e nder saare Obama nder Kenya e haandi Adventist haandiwol jeeɗiɗiɗam to Obama e Jaluo'en feere feere feere ceertu nder fuɗɗoode karnijum 20 nder nder nokkuure nde Carscallen neldi ngam haandi. Obama'en Kenya'en ngoni ardiiɓe hooreejo lesdi Amerika Barack Obama.

Daga 1906 haa 1921, Carscallen laati ardiiɗo Misiyonji Lindiya Lindiya British ha nder Lindiya, ha nder jama'aare Adventist ha nder nyalnde jeeɗiɗam, nden o waɗi darnde haɓɓugo dabareji misiyonji ha fuunaaŋge Kenya ha ɓaawo maayo Victoria e haɓɓugo yimɓe nder nokkuure nden. Ɗee dabare'en hawti e Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kissi (Nyanchwa), e Kamagambo. Nder hitaande 1913, o heɓi masin masin masin masin ngam Misiyon nden o waɗi masin masin masin nder Gendia ngam wurtina defte diina, ammaa o naftiri bee masin ngam huutugo jannguki e jannguki nder nokkuure nden.

Nder duuɓi jowi, Carscallen waɗi jaɓugo haalde Jaluo, o heɓii anndal ɗemngal Dholuo, o waɗi ko o ardiiɗo jaɓugo ɗemngal ngol haa o winnda, o wurtini ɗemngal ngal e ɗemngal Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), e woɓɓe ɗemɗe nafɗe, e ɗemɗe ɗemngal Engele-Kavirundo e Kavirondo-Ingele, e yoga e kuugal ngal eɗi haandi e ɗemnga nder hitaande 1910. Nden, ɓaawo duuɓi ɗiɗi, misiyonol ngol maɓɓini limɗe New Testament diga Farayse to Dholuo, ɗi ɓaawo maajum British and Foreign Bible Society wurtini.

Nder hitaande 2019, Goomu Baabiraawo Yahuwah wurtini New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures nder ɗemngal Luo. Fuuɗugo Bibel ɗon ɗaɓɓa haala laaɓtuɗum, ɓurɗum anndugo. Ɗuum ɗon hokka yimɓe feere feere, ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗofta e ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗon ɗofta nder internet.

Deftere ɗemngal ngal Carscallen waɗi huutoree nder duuɓi keewɗi nder fuunaaŋge Kenya, amma ko o winndi ɗum ɓurnoo seɗɗa. Ɓaawo ɗun ɓe boɗɗiti ɗum, Dho-Luo for Beginners, nden ɓe boɗɗitiiɗum nder hitaande 1936. Ha darnde ɗemngal ɗemngal ngal, Carscallen waɗi deftere mawnde "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) e Farayse, ɗum ɗon hawrata nder Sannde Fuuɗannde fuɗnaange e Afrik, University of London, UK. Walaa go'o nder kuuɗe ɗe fuɗɗii, tan ɗum ɓeydi, e ɗemɗe keso ɗe ɓe waylitii dow ɗemngal ngal Carscallen waɗi nder 1910.

Fonooloji

Vowels

Dholuo woodi setji ɗiɗi je vowels jowi, je holli e feature <span typeof="mw:Nowiki" id="mwUw">[±ATR]</span> je ɗon jeya fuɗɗam nder arande. Nde ATR woni fonemiyya nder ɗemngal, kuuɗe feere-feere nder fonoloji haandi ko'e fonoloji ina jogii darnde mawnde e ina waawi wayla ATR haandi nder haandi. Ceerno hannde nder ɗemɗe goɗɗe nder Dholuo woni ko no ɓesnguji goɗɗi ɗon yi'a ɓe ɗon majjina ATR contrast e naftira [±ATR] nder feere feere.

[−ATR] vowels in Dholuo

	Winndannde yeeso	Fedde hakkundeere	Wurtina
Ɓure ɓure	ɪ		ʊ
Fedde hakkunde	e e e		oolololol
Fuli		ɐ

[+ATR] vowels in Dholuo

	Winndannde yeeso	Fedde hakkundeere	Wurtina
Ɓooyɗe	i		u
Fedde hakkunde	e		o
Fuli		a

Kootolɗe

Nder tabeli konsonantaji ɗo, koode orthographic ɗon hawta hakkunde kolte kolte ɓaawo koode IPA. Hokku 'e: huutoreede ⁇ y ⁇ ngam /j/, ko ɓuri heewde e ɗemɗe afrikɗe; ⁇ th ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ dh ⁇ ko ɓesngu, wonaa ɓesngu no e ɗemngal Swahili (ko e ɗemɗi /d̪/ ina waawi ɓesngu.

Fedde ɓesngu ɓesngu nder Dholuo

		Labiaal	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Naasol		m ⁇ ⁇ m ⁇ m		⁇ n ⁇ n ⁇ n ⁇	ɲ ⁇ ny ⁇ ⁇ ny ⁇ ⁇	ŋ ⁇ ⁇ ngʼ ⁇
Fedde ɓesngu	pre-nasalled	mb ⁇ ⁇ mb ⁇ mb		nd ⁇ ⁇ nd ⁇ nd	ɲɟ ⁇ ⁇ nj ⁇	ŋɡ ⁇ ng ⁇ ⁇ ng ⁇ ⁇ ng
	walaa ko wolwataa	p ⁇ p ⁇ ⁇ p ⁇ ⁇	t̪ ⁇ th ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ th ⁇	t ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇	c ⁇ ch ⁇ ⁇ ch ⁇ ⁇	k ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ k ⁇
	haalaaji	b ⁇ b ⁇ ⁇ b ⁇ ⁇ b	d̪ ⁇ ⁇ dh ⁇	d ⁇ ⁇ d ⁇	ɟ ⁇ ⁇ j ⁇	ɡ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ♂ ⁇ g ⁇
Fricative		f ⁇ ⁇ f ⁇		s ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ s			h ⁇ ⁇ h ⁇
Trill				r ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇
Ko haani		w ⁇ w ⁇ ⁇ w ⁇ ⁇		L ⁇ ⁇ l ⁇ l ⁇	j ⁇ y ⁇ ⁇ y ⁇ ⁇ y

Fedde fuɗnaange

Dholuo ko ɗemngal tonal. Won ton lexical e ton grammatical, misaalu nder tagdi verbs passive. Ɗum woodi haaki vowel dow ATR status: vowels nder wolde naa' hawtaade waawaa wonde fuu [+ATR] malla fuu [−ATR]. Ko haani ATR-harmoni hawti e semivokal /w/, /ɥ/.   [faɗugo laaɓnde ngam laaɓugo] Ɗuumɗam woni ko hawti.

Grammar

Dholuo ina famɗi ngam ko'e mum'en fuɗɗam'en fuɗnaande, ɗi naftiraama, ha nder feere feere, nder nanondiral jogorɗe ɗe'e e ɗe'e. Misaalu arande ɗum haala jogorgal ɓooyngol, ngam bone naa' ɗum je dogol.

Ammaa ɗo'o misaalu dow laamuuji ɗi walaa ko'e maɓɓe, ngam bone je ɗon je'a nder go'o:

Ɗe ceedeeji

Ɗemngal Farayse	Luo
hello	misawa (ber)
Hol no woni?	Ko honɗun waɗi? Intie nade?
Mi ɗonno.	Adhi maber.
Hol innde maaɗa?	Nyingi ng'a?
Innde am...	Nyinga en...
Miɗo yi'a on.	Amor neni.
Ɗume on ɗon ƴiwo?	Nder jaakanye?
go'o subaka	oyawore
jemma bon	oimore
Allah barkiɗini on.	Nyasaye ogwedhi.
golle mawnge	tich maber
Kisndam	resruok
Good-bye	oriti
Mi yiɗi ndiyam.	Adwaro pi.
Mi marɗo.	Riyo deya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga.
Mawnde	erokamano
ɓikkoy	nyathi
jannginoowo (jannginoowo jaŋde)	nyathi skul, japuonjre (ja mbalariany)
wonna	bi
yahu	dhiyo
jaɓɓo	kaw kaw
warugo	dwok
warugo	dwogi
jooɗortee	bedi bedi
jooɗorgal / stop	chung' / wee
nyaamdu	kech
Mi ɗon nyaama.	Kech kaya.
baaba	wuoro [Dinka] wur
maama	miyo [Dinka] mor mer
Allah ɗon	Nyasaye, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o (Naaɗe feere feere hawti e kuuɗe Allah feere feere)
Allah Jawmiraawo mon	Ruoth (Nyasaye)
Allah ɗon wooɗugo	Nyasaye ber
wallude	kony [Dinka] ba kony
man man man man	dichuo
debbo	dhako
boy boy boy boy	wuoyi (wuowi)
debbo	nyako [Dinka] nya
deftere	buk, [Alego/Seme] buge
ɓeynguure	rawera
penndu	randiki
ɓorɗe	onyas
ɓalndu	long'
dowre	mesa
laato	tao
looti	rarind, ralor
hooreejo	jatelo
wurtina	kel kel
Wolo ɗon.	Dog kucha.
Wota haa ɗo.	Duog ka.
ƴam / ƴam	penj
jaabawol	penjo
huutore	ringi [Dinka]
yahugo	wuothi
jaɓɓude	dum / chikri [Alego/Seme]
ndiyam	koth
naange	ko'n ɗon
lewru	dwe / duee
koode	sulwe
ti	kuugal
kalluɗe	[Dinka]
ɓernde	koyo koyo
Mi yiɗi nyaamugo.	Adwaro chiemo.
Mi woodi ko mbi'i'mi	An gi wach
mawɗo	kwaro [Dinka] / kwar
mawɗo	dayo [Dinka] / day
neɗɗo laamiiɗo	ja rachar / ombogo / ja wagunda
cow / beef	dwasi / dhiang'
haani haani	wer [Dinka]
song	ko woni
goɗɗum, booɗeeje	ber, jaber
bonde	rach
dewgal	kend [Dinka], "keny" woni laawol, "thick" woni guurgal
waree	kendo
jannde	kiini
hannde	kawuono
ɗo	ka / kae
ɗon (jo ɓadii)	kacha / kocha
ɗon (goɗɗi)	kucho
ɓikkoy	nyathi
ceede	omenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesa
huunde	bunde
huɓɓugo huɓɓugo	maj bunde
fuɗɗam	chaki
kootooji	leki
dow	chung'
nder lesdi	loka
haalanki	wuwu
jooɗortee	bedi bedi
teddungal	pakki
nyaamugo	chiem
yiite	maaki
Mi yiɗi ugali.	Adwaro kuon.
corn, corn, maize	oduma, bando
corn beans	nyoyoyo
taksi	matatu (Swahili)
manndaandi	puodho (Alego-Ndalo)
huutugo / haɓɓugo	pur / kuny
fuɗugo (e dow)	fuyo
ɓale (beɗeeje)	Lwang'ni
kooki (waldi)	aora
laake	nam
ndiyam	ataro
toondee	asayi

Bibliography

• Gregersen, E. (1961). Luo: Ɗuum woni ɗemngal ɗemngal. Deftere: Yale University.
• Stafford, R. L. (1965). Ɗuum ko ɗemngal Luo ngal e ɗemngal. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
• Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). Ɗe ɓurɗe ɓurɗe fahinugo nder Dholuo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
• Tucker, A. N. (e nder Chet A. Creider) (1994). Ɗuum ko ɗemngal Kenya Luo (Dholuo). 2 firooji. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Okoth Okombo, D. (1997). Grammar functional of Dholuo. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). Deftere ɗemngal Farayse-Dholuo. Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu.   ISBN 9966-48-781-6. 
• Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' e Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). Deftere darnde Dholuo. Nairobi.
• Capen, Carole Jamieson. 1998. Ɗemngal ɗiɗi Dholuo-Ingeleese Dictionary, Kenya. Tucson (Arizona): Wondiri hoore mum. Kurasa IX, 322. [ ] 

Wurooji wurooji

 

• Kenya portal
• Dental lesdi Tanzania
• Ɗemɗe portal

• Ɗe luutol e ko woni e nder
• Lindiyaaku ngam anndugo Luo
• Deftere Kavirondo (1920) - go'o nder defte arande dow Dholuo
• Fonte Lakeside - Fonte tippo goonga ngam winnduki nder Dholuo (haɓɓii)