굳다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 굳다 (Yale: kwutta).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kut̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [굳따]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gutda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	gudda
McCune–Reischauer?	kutta
Yale Romanization?	kwut.ta

Adjective

굳다 • (gutda) (infinitive 굳어, sequential 굳으니)

1. (to be) hard; (to be) solid; (to be) adamant

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 굳다 (gutda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	굳다 gutda	굳어 gudeo	굳어요 gudeoyo	굳습니다 gutseumnida
	Past	굳었다 gudeotda	굳었어 gudeosseo	굳었어요 gudeosseoyo	굳었습니다 gudeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	굳으냐 gudeunya	굳어 gudeo	굳어요 gudeoyo	굳습니까 gutseumnikka
	Past	굳었냐 gudeonnya	굳었어 gudeosseo	굳었어요 gudeosseoyo	굳었습니까 gudeotseumnikka
Assertive		굳겠다 gutgetda	굳겠어 gutgesseo	굳겠어요 gutgesseoyo	굳겠습니다 gutgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		굳어 gudeo	굳어서 gudeoseo	굳으니 gudeuni	굳으니까 gudeunikka
Contrast		굳지만 gutjiman	굳은데 gudeunde	굳더니 gutdeoni
Conjunction		굳고 gutgo
Condition		굳으면 gudeumyeon	굳어야 gudeoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		굳음 gudeum	굳기 gutgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굳었음 gudeosseum	굳었기 gudeotgi
Determiners	Present		굳은 gudeun
	Future		굳을 gudeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	굳으시다 gudeusida	굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으세요, 굳으셔요 gudeuseyo, gudeusyeoyo	굳으십니다 gudeusimnida
	Past	굳으셨다 gudeusyeotda	굳으셨어 gudeusyeosseo	굳으셨어요 gudeusyeosseoyo	굳으셨습니다 gudeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	굳으시냐 gudeusinya	굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으세요, 굳으셔요 gudeuseyo, gudeusyeoyo	굳으십니까 gudeusimnikka
	Past	굳으셨냐 gudeusyeonnya	굳으셨어 gudeusyeosseo	굳으셨어요 gudeusyeosseoyo	굳으셨습니까 gudeusyeotseumnikka
Assertive		굳으시겠다 gudeusigetda	굳으시겠어 gudeusigesseo	굳으시겠어요 gudeusigesseoyo	굳으시겠습니다 gudeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으셔서 gudeusyeoseo	굳으시니 gudeusini	굳으시니까 gudeusinikka
Contrast		굳으시지만 gudeusijiman	굳으신데 gudeusinde	굳으시더니 gudeusideoni
Conjunction		굳으시고 gudeusigo
Condition		굳으시면 gudeusimyeon	굳으셔야 gudeusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		굳으심 gudeusim	굳으시기 gudeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굳으셨음 gudeusyeosseum	굳으셨기 gudeusyeotgi
Determiners	Present		굳으신 gudeusin
	Future		굳으실 gudeusil

Derived terms

• 굳세다 (gutseda, “to be strong, firm”)
• 굳은 뜻 (gudeun tteut, “firm will”)
• 굳은살 (gudeunsal, “hardened skin, callus”)

Verb

굳다 • (gutda) (infinitive 굳어, sequential 굳으니)

1. to become hard; to solidify; to congeal

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 굳다 (gutda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	굳는다 gunneunda	굳어 gudeo	굳어요 gudeoyo	굳습니다 gutseumnida
	Past	굳었다 gudeotda	굳었어 gudeosseo	굳었어요 gudeosseoyo	굳었습니다 gudeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	굳느냐 gunneunya	굳어 gudeo	굳어요 gudeoyo	굳습니까 gutseumnikka
	Past	굳었느냐 gudeonneunya	굳었어 gudeosseo	굳었어요 gudeosseoyo	굳었습니까 gudeotseumnikka
Hortative		굳자 gutja	굳어 gudeo	굳어요 gudeoyo	굳으십시다 gudeusipsida
Imperative		굳어라 gudeora	굳어 gudeo	굳어요 gudeoyo	굳읍시오 gudeupsio
Assertive		굳겠다 gutgetda	굳겠어 gutgesseo	굳겠어요 gutgesseoyo	굳겠습니다 gutgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		굳어 gudeo	굳어서 gudeoseo	굳으니 gudeuni	굳으니까 gudeunikka
Contrast		굳지만 gutjiman	굳는데 gunneunde	굳더니 gutdeoni
Conjunction		굳고 gutgo
Condition		굳으면 gudeumyeon	굳어야 gudeoya
Motive		굳으려고 gudeuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		굳음 gudeum	굳기 gutgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굳었음 gudeosseum	굳었기 gudeotgi
Determiners	Past	굳은 gudeun
	Present	굳는 gunneun
	Future	굳을 gudeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	굳으신다 gudeusinda	굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으세요, 굳으셔요 gudeuseyo, gudeusyeoyo	굳으십니다 gudeusimnida
	Past	굳으셨다 gudeusyeotda	굳으셨어 gudeusyeosseo	굳으셨어요 gudeusyeosseoyo	굳으셨습니다 gudeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	굳으시느냐 gudeusineunya	굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으세요, 굳으셔요 gudeuseyo, gudeusyeoyo	굳으십니까 gudeusimnikka
	Past	굳으셨느냐 gudeusyeonneunya	굳으셨어 gudeusyeosseo	굳으셨어요 gudeusyeosseoyo	굳으셨습니까 gudeusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		굳으시라 gudeusira	굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으세요 gudeuseyo	굳으십시오 gudeusipsio
Assertive		굳으시겠다 gudeusigetda	굳으시겠어 gudeusigesseo	굳으시겠어요 gudeusigesseoyo	굳으시겠습니다 gudeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		굳으셔 gudeusyeo	굳으셔서 gudeusyeoseo	굳으시니 gudeusini	굳으시니까 gudeusinikka
Contrast		굳으시지만 gudeusijiman	굳으시는데 gudeusineunde	굳으시더니 gudeusideoni
Conjunction		굳으시고 gudeusigo
Condition		굳으시면 gudeusimyeon	굳으셔야 gudeusyeoya
Motive		굳으시려고 gudeusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		굳으심 gudeusim	굳으시기 gudeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굳으셨음 gudeusyeosseum	굳으셨기 gudeusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	굳으신 gudeusin
	Present	굳으시는 gudeusineun
	Future	굳으실 gudeusil

Derived terms

• 굳어지다 (gudeojida, “to become hard, solidify, congeal”)
• 굳히다 (guchida, “to harden, solidify, congeal”) (transitive)