漢

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See also: 汉
漢 U+6F22, 漢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F22
← 漡
[U+6F21] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 漣 →
[U+6F23]

漢 U+FA47, 漢
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA47
← 渚
[U+FA46] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 煮 →
[U+FA48]
漢 U+FA9A, 漢
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA9A
← 滋
[U+FA99] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 瀞 →
[U+FA9B]

Translingual

[edit]
Traditional 漢
Simplified 汉
Japanese 漢
Korean 漢

Alternative forms

[edit]
  • In Traditional Chinese, Japanese kyūjitai, Korean hanja, the component 𦰩 for this character is written with 廿 on top. Note that the bottom portion is written 口 overlapped by 夫 and not 中 on top of 天.
  • In Vietnamese Hán Nôm, 𦰩 can be written with 廿, 龷, or 艹 on top. But the most common variant of 𦰩 is with 龷 written on top.
  • In Japanese shinjitai, the component 𦰩 is written with 艹 on top and has one stroke less. Due to Han unification, both traditional Chinese and Japanese shinjitai forms are encoded under the same code point. The appearance of this character will differ depending on the font used.
  • In Simplified Chinese, the component 𦰩 is simplified to 又 instead, giving the character 汉 (U+6C49).
  • Two compatibility ideographs exist for this character. U+FA47 corresponds to the kyūjitai form of this character while U+FA9A corresponds to the alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to Japanese shinjitai.

Han character

[edit]

漢 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11 in Chinese and Korean, 水+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水廿中人 (ETLO), four-corner 34134 or 34185, composition ⿰氵⿱廿⿻口夫(GHTKV or U+FA47) or ⿰氵𦰩(J or U+FA9A))

Derived characters

[edit]
[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 646, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18068
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1055, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1713, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6F22

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 漢
simp. 汉
alternative forms 𣾒
㵄
𣶔
𤁉
𭲑
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 漢 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 漢 (Cantonese)
  • 漢 (Classical)
  • 漢 (Gan)
  • Hàn (Southern Min)

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 漢
Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (暵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
儺 *naːl
臡 *naːl, *neːl, *njeːl
嘆 *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns
灘 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns
擹 *n̥ʰaːn
攤 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːnʔ, *naːns
癱 *n̥ʰaːn
歎 *n̥ʰaːns
難 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns
暵 *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns
熯 *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns, *njanʔ
漢 *hnaːns
戁 *rnaːnʔ, *njanʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hnaːns) : semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) or 熯 (or 難 according to Xu Shen) – name of a river in China (漢水 or 漢江). Xu Shen links the third contracted phonetic component to the ancient variant 灘. The component to the left as a result of a contraction appears as a variant of 堇, which is the pictogram of a man burned alive as a sacrifice. It is partly unclear whether or not the phonetic component also suggests a morphological feature of the Han river (e.g., a dry river or a river that flows with difficulty) or simply indicates part of the pronounciation; Xu Shen puts no explanation.

A second ancient variant of the character reported by Xu Shen is 㵄 (perhaps analyzable as 淢 and 大).

The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. Before the Han dynasty, the Chinese referred their land as 華夏 ("Huaxia"), and themselves as 諸華 ("various Hua people") or 諸夏 ("various people/descendants of the Xias"). "Xia" ("Summer; great, splendid") also gave the name to the first semi-legendary Chinese dinasty, the Xia Dinasty (夏朝).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 漢
Mandarin Beijing /xan⁵¹/
Harbin /xan⁵³/
Tianjin /xan⁵³/
Jinan /xã²¹/
Qingdao /xã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xan³¹²/
Xi'an /xã⁴⁴/
Xining /xã²¹³/
Yinchuan /xan¹³/
Lanzhou /xɛ̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /xan²¹³/
Wuhan /xan³⁵/
Chengdu /xan¹³/
Guiyang /xan²¹³/
Kunming /xã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /xaŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /xæ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xæ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xɑŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /xæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /hø³⁵/
Suzhou /hø⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /hẽ̞⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ɕy⁴²/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³²⁴/
Tunxi /xuːə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /xan⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /hɵn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hon⁵³/
Taoyuan /hon⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔn³³/
Nanning /hɔn³³/
Hong Kong /hɔn³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /han²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɑŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /haŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /haŋ³⁵/
/haŋ³³/ 俗
Rime
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 呼旰切
Baxter xanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/hɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/hanH/
Li
Rong 		/xɑnH/
Wang
Li 		/xɑnH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/xɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hon3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ xanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*n̥ˁar-s/ (W dialect: *n̥- > MC x-, *-r > *-n)
English (river name)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
No. 4905
Phonetic
component 		暵
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		漢
Old
Chinese 		/*hnaːns/

Definitions

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漢

  1. (～水, ～江) Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
    漢口／汉口  ―  Hànkǒu  ―  Hankou (literally, “mouth of the Han”)
  2. (literary) the Milky Way
  3. (～朝) Han Dynasty
  4. Han ethnicity; Han Chinese
  5. man; guy; bloke
    好漢／好汉  ―  hǎohàn  ―  brave man; true man
  6. husband
  7. (～江) Han River, the fourth-longest river on the Korean peninsula
  8. Short for 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ, “Chinese language”).
  9. a surname
    漢寶德／汉宝德  ―  Hàn Bǎodé  ―  Han Pao-teh (Taiwanese architect)

See also

[edit]
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代) 		2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代) 		1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代) 		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周／东周		 Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國／战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代) 		221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢／汉 (～朝, ～代) 		206 BCE – 220 C.E. Western Han
西漢／西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國／三国 		220 – 280 C.E. Wei
魏
Shu Han
蜀漢／蜀汉
Wu
吳／吴
Jin
晉／晋 (～朝, ～代) 		265 – 420 C.E. Western Jin
西晉／西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝 		420 – 589 C.E. Northern dynasties
北朝		 Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏／东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊／北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		 Liu Song
劉宋／刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊／南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代) 		581 – 618 C.E.
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代) 		618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國／五代十国 		907 – 960 C.E.
Liao
遼／辽 (～朝, ～代) 		907 – 1125 C.E.
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代) 		960 – 1279 C.E. Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏 		1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代) 		1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao
西遼／西辽 		1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代) 		1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代) 		1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代) 		1636 – 1912 C.E.

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (漢):
  • → Japanese: 漢(かん) (kan)
  • → Korean: 한(漢) (han)
  • → Vietnamese: Hán (漢)
  • → Arabic: هان (hān)
  • → Bulgarian: хан (han)
  • → English: Han
  • → Finnish: Han
  • → French: Han
  • → German: Han
  • → Khmer: ហាន (haan)
  • → Polish: Han
  • → Portuguese: han
  • → Russian: хань (xanʹ), ханец (xanec)

    • References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]
    Shinjitai 漢
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    漢
    &#xFA47;
    or
    漢+&#xFE00;?
    漢󠄁
    漢+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    漢󠄃
    漢+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

    [edit]
    漢

    (Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 漢)

    1. Sino-, China
    2. man

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    かん
    Grade: 3
    on'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH), in reference to the Han Chinese ethnic group.

    The sense of man arose from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

    Noun

    [edit]

    漢(かん) • (kan) 

    1. man
      さらに悟(ご)上(じょう)に得(とく)悟(ご)する漢(かん)あり、迷(めい)中(ちゅう)又(う)迷(めい)の漢(かん)あり。
      Sara ni gojō ni tokugo suru kan ari, meichū umei no kan ari.
      Moreover, some men achieve enlightenment and further enlightenment, and some men achieve confusion and further confusion.
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Derived terms

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    漢(かん) • (Kan) 

    1. the name of China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)
    2. name of various Chinese dynasties
      1. the 西漢 (Saikan, “Western Han”) or 前漢 (Zenkan, “Former Han”) (206 BCE – 9 CE)
      2. the 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”) (25–220 CE)
      3. the 蜀漢 (Shokkan, “Shu Han”) (221–263)
      4. the 成漢 (Seikan, “Cheng Han”) (304–347)
      5. the 南漢 (Nankan, “Southern Han”) (917–971)
      6. the 後漢 (Kōkan, “Later Han”) (947–951)
      7. the 北漢 (Hokukan, “Northern Han”) (951–979)
    3. the Han Chinese people
    4. the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
    5. (by extension from the "river" sense) the Milky Way
      Synonyms: 天漢 (Tenkan), 天河 (Tenga), 銀漢 (Ginkan), 銀河 (Ginga), 天の川 (Ama-no-gawa)
    6. alternative name for 漢中 (Kanchū, “Hanzhong”)
    7. a surname
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    から
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    From Old Japanese.

    Originally referred to the Gaya confederacy, an independent state in the south of the Korean peninsula in the years 42–562 CE. Over time, the meaning extended to refer in general to the Korean peninsula and China, expanding further just before and during the Edo period to refer to foreign lands in general.[2][3]

    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Prefix

    [edit]

    漢(から) • (kara-) 

    1. element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands
      漢詩(からうた)、唐歌(からうた)、唐(から)揚(あ)げ、漢音(からごえ)
      karauta, karauta, karāge, karagoe
      Chinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), “Chinese voice” → the kan'on or Chinese-derived reading for a character
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Derived terms

    Noun

    [edit]

    漢(から) • (kara) 

    1. (historical) shortly before and during the Edo period, foreign lands in general

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    漢(から) • (Kara) 

    1. the Gaya confederacy
    2. (archaic) the Korean peninsula
    3. (archaic) China, especially during the Han dynasty
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    あや
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    From Old Japanese, in reference to clans purportedly originating from China.[2][4][3] Appears to be cognate with 文 / 紋 / 綾 / 絢 (aya, “a pattern or design; a pattern of diagonally interweaving lines; twill; how something fits together, the reason or background of a thing; skillful expression in color or words; melody, tune”), possibly in distant reference to technologies and cultural practices brought to Japan by the original Chinese immigrants.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    漢(あや) • (Aya) 

    1. short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others
      1. 東漢 (Yamato no Aya)
      2. 西漢 (Kawachi no Aya)
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 4

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    おとこ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    Rare alternative spelling for 男 (otoko, “man”), from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

    See the 男 entry for the derivation of the reading.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    漢(おとこ) • (otoko) ←をとこ (wotoko)?

    1. (slang) Rare spelling of 男 (“man”).
      • 2004 July 7, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)26(にじゅうろく)話(わ)　トレーニング・デイ [Chapter 26: Training Day]”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン) [Armed Alchemy], volume 3, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 161:
        漢(おとこ)は背(せ)中(なか)で人(じん)生(せい)を語(かた)る！キミのベストポーズでスーパーアピール‼
        Otoko wa senaka de jinsei o kataru! Kimi no besuto pōzu de sūpā apīru‼
        Men show what life is with their backs! Strike your best pose to drive home your point!!

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ “漢”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 한〮 (Yale: hán)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 하ᄂᆞᆯ (Yale: hanol) 한 (Yale: han)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)n]
    • Phonetic hangul: [한(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    漢 (eumhun 한나라 한 (Hannara han))

    1. hanja form? of 한 (“Sino-, China”) [affix]
    2. hanja form? of 한 (“man; person”) [suffix]
    3. hanja form? of 한 (“Han dynasty”) [proper noun]

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    漢: Hán Nôm readings: Hán

    Hán 漢 written with 龷 on top. A common variant of 漢 in Vietnamese writing. This is from 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca.
    1. Of or relating to China

    Compounds

    [edit]
    1. 漢喃 (Hán Nôm) Vietnamese made Chinese characters
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