敗

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See also: 败
敗 U+6557, 敗
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557
← 敖
[U+6556] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敘 →
[U+6558]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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敗 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 月金人大 (BCOK), four-corner 68840, composition ⿰貝攵)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 471, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13227
  • Dae Jaweon: page 824, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1462, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+6557

Chinese

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trad. 敗
simp. 败

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 敗
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (貝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貝 *paːds
狽 *paːds
鋇 *paːds
浿 *pʰaːds, *pʰreːds
垻 *praːs
敗 *praːds, *braːds
唄 *braːds

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːds, *braːds) : phonetic 貝 (OC *paːds) + semantic 攵 (“strike”).

Etymology

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Possibly Sino-Tibetan. According to Zhang, Shuya, Jacques, Guillaume, Lai, Yunfan (2019), the modern meaning of the word originated from a semantic narrowing of its original sense "to break", thus making it cognate with Situ ka-prāt (“to break”) and also Japhug prɤt (“to break”).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 敗
Mandarin Beijing /pai⁵¹/
Harbin /pai⁵³/
Tianjin /pai⁵³/
Jinan /pɛ²¹/
Qingdao /pɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /pai³¹²/
Xi'an /pai⁴⁴/
Xining /pɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /pɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /pɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /pai²¹³/
Wuhan /pai³⁵/
Chengdu /pai¹³/
Guiyang /pai²¹³/
Kunming /pæ²¹²/
Nanjing /pae⁴⁴/
Hefei /pe̞⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /pai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /pæ³⁵/
Hohhot /pɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ba²³/
Suzhou /bɑ³¹/
Hangzhou /be̞¹³/
Wenzhou /ba²²/
Hui Shexian /pʰa²²/
Tunxi /pʰa¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /pai⁵⁵/
/pai¹¹/
Xiangtan /bai²¹/
Gan Nanchang /pʰai²¹/
Hakka Meixian /pʰai⁵³/
Taoyuan /pʰɑi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /pai²²/
Nanning /pai²²/
Hong Kong /pai²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pai²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /pɑi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pai⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /pai³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔbai³³/ 失～
/ʔbai²³/ 坏
Rime
Character 敗 敗
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 並 (3) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 夬 (29) 夬 (29)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 薄邁切 補邁切
Baxter baejH paejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/bˠaiH/ /pˠaiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/bᵚaiH/ /pᵚaiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/baiH/ /paiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/baɨjsH/ /paɨjsH/
Li
Rong 		/baiH/ /paiH/
Wang
Li 		/bæiH/ /pæiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/bʱaiH/ /paiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bài bài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		baai6 baai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敗 敗
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		bài bài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ bæjH › ‹ pæjH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-pˁra[t]-s/ /*pˁra[t]-s/
English suffer defeat defeat (v.t.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敗 敗
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 421 422
Phonetic
component 		貝 貝
Rime
group 		祭 祭
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		敗 敗
Old
Chinese 		/*praːds/ /*braːds/

Definitions

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敗

  1. to lose (a game); to be defeated
    甲隊以一比二敗於乙隊。 [MSC, trad.]
    甲队以一比二败于乙队。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiǎ duì yǐ yī bǐ èr bài yú yǐ duì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  2. to fail
    成敗／成败  ―  chéngbài  ―  success or failure
  3. (transitive) to defeat
  4. to tarnish; to ruin; to destroy
    敗家／败家  ―  bàijiā  ―  to squander a family fortune
    身敗名裂／身败名裂  ―  shēnbàimíngliè  ―  to have one's reputation destroyed
    傷風敗俗／伤风败俗  ―  shāngfēngbàisú  ―  to corrupt public morals
  5. to wither and fall
    枯枝敗葉／枯枝败叶  ―  kūzhībàiyè  ―  withered branches and leaves
    菊花敗了。／菊花败了。  ―  Júhuā bài le.  ―  The chrysanthemums have withered.
  6. dilapidated; worn-out; (of clothing) tattered
    敗絮／败絮  ―  bàixù  ―  worn cotton wool
  7. to rot; rotten
  8. to remove; to get rid of
    敗火／败火  ―  bàihuǒ  ―  to relieve internal heat

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “to lose”): 勝／胜 (shèng)
  • (antonym(s) of “to fail”): 成 (chéng)

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Thai: พ่าย (pâai)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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敗

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Counter

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敗(はい) • (-hai) 

  1. losses

Compounds

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 敗 (MC baejH|paejH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 뺑〮 (Yale: ppáy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄒᆡ〮야〮딜 (Yale: hóyyátìl) 패〯 (Yale: phǎy)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pʰɛ(ː)] ~ [pʰe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [패(ː)/페(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

敗 (eumhun 질 패 (jil pae))

  1. hanja form? of 패 (“defeat; loss”) [noun]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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敗: Hán Nôm readings: bại, bậy

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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