吃
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See also: 喫
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Translingual
[edit]| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]吃 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 口人弓 (RON), four-corner 68017, composition ⿰口乞)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 174, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3280
- Dae Jaweon: page 387, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 579, character 5
- Unihan data for U+5403
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound 形聲／形声 (xíngshēng): semantic 口 (kǒu) + phonetic 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).
Its original meaning is "to stutter", hence, the phonetic component could add part of the meaning since it has the phonetically borrowed meaning of "begging" (i.e., trying to talk but with difficulties).
According to folk etymologies, 乞 in this character indicates that, while stuttering, less air comes from the mouth (compare 气, which has more traits). However, 乞 is simply a variant of 气, it originally meant "air" and was later borrowed to indicate "begging", therefore it didn't mean "less air; to stutter" or similar words and expressions.
Etymology 1
[edit]| trad. | 吃/喫 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 吃 | |
| alternative forms | 吔 (jaak3) Cantonese | |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ci2
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): chǐ
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): chii̊q
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чы (čɨ, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): qiah6
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): cêd5
- Jin (Wiktionary): ceh4
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 7chiq / 7chioq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qia6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chih
- Wade–Giles: chʻih1
- Yale: chr̄
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chy
- Palladius: чи (či)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ci2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: c
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰz̩²¹/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: chǐ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: chii̊q
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): chiiq5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩ʔ⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чы (čɨ, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hek3 / jaak3
- Yale: hek / yaak
- Cantonese Pinyin: hek8 / jaak8
- Guangdong Romanization: hég3 / yag3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɛːk̚³/, /jaːk̚³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: jaak3 - colloquial.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hiak1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiak̚³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qiah6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵/
- (Nanchang)
Note: Often written as 喫.
- Hakka
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ceh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khit
- Tâi-lô: khit
- Phofsit Daibuun: qid
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰit̚³²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰit̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khek
- Tâi-lô: khik
- Phofsit Daibuun: qeg
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak
- Tâi-lô: khiak
- Phofsit Daibuun: qiag
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngeg4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngṳk
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋɯk̚²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: qia6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi̯a̠²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
Definitions
[edit]吃
- to eat; to consume
- 他很喜歡吃飯。／他很喜欢吃饭。 ― Tā hěn xǐhuān chīfàn. ― He loves to eat.
- 你吃飯了嗎？／你吃饭了吗？ ― Nǐ chīfàn le ma? ― Have you eaten? (also a greeting)
- 你吃過飯嗎？／你吃过饭吗？ ― Nǐ chī guò fàn ma? ― Have you eaten? (also a greeting)
- to live on
- to suffer; to endure; to bear
- to exhaust; to be a strain
- to drink
- (board games) to capture
- (mahjong) to chow
- to accept
- 2023, “我的世界地圖”, 黃偉文 [Wyman Wong] (lyrics), 王菀之 [Ivana Wong] (music)[1]performed by 魏浚笙 [Jeffrey Ngai]:
- 年輕一輩 如果只吃前人預設那一套 再沒前路 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
- nin4 hing1 jat1 bui3, jyu4 gwo2 zi2 hek3 cin4 jan4 jyu6 cit3 naa5 jat1 tou3, zoi3 mut6 cin4 lou6 [Jyutping]
- If the younger generation simply accepts the default methods of those who came before, there will be no more future ahead
年轻一辈 如果只吃前人预设那一套 再没前路 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
Usage notes
[edit]- In Cantonese, 食 (sik6) is the most common term for "eating" and 吔 (jaak3) is considered less polite than the former.
- When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chow on another player's discard.
Synonyms
[edit]- (to eat): 食用 (shíyòng)
Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”) [map]
- (to drink):
- (to capture):
Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“(board games) to capture”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 吃 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 吃 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 吃 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 吃 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 吃 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 吃 |
| Liuzhou | 吃 | |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 食1 |
| Taishan | 吃 | |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 吃 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 食1 |
| Zengcheng (Zhengguo) | 食1 | |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 食3 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 食3 |
| Leizhou | 食3 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 吃 |
- (to chow):
Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to chow (mahjong)”) [map]
Descendants
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 一雞三吃／一鸡三吃
- 一魚兩吃／一鱼两吃
- 不吃虧／不吃亏
- 中吃
- 倒吃甘蔗
- 偷吃 (tōuchī)
- 叫吃
- 吃一塹，長一智／吃一堑，长一智 (chī yī qiàn, zhǎng yī zhì)
- 吃一看二
- 吃一驚／吃一惊 (chīyījīng)
- 吃不下
- 吃不上
- 吃不了
- 吃不了，兜著走 (chī bùliǎo dōu zhe zǒu)
- 吃不住 (chībùzhù)
- 吃不來／吃不来 (chībulái)
- 吃不到
- 吃不動／吃不动
- 吃不好
- 吃不得
- 吃不慣／吃不惯
- 吃不服 (chībufú)
- 吃不消 (chībùxiāo)
- 吃不起
- 吃不透
- 吃不開／吃不开 (chībukāi)
- 吃主
- 吃乾醋／吃干醋
- 吃乾飯／吃干饭 (chī gānfàn)
- 吃了秤砣
- 吃交
- 吃人 (chīrén)
- 吃人兒的／吃人儿的
- 吃人家的嘴軟，拿人家的手短／吃人家的嘴软，拿人家的手短
- 吃人蟲／吃人虫
- 吃住
- 吃偏食 (chī piānshí)
- 吃偏飯／吃偏饭 (chī piānfàn)
- 吃傷／吃伤
- 吃傷了／吃伤了
- 吃兒／吃儿 (chīr)
- 吃冤枉
- 吃刀 (chīdāo)
- 吃到飽／吃到饱 (chīdàobǎo)
- 吃力 (chīlì)
- 吃功夫 (chī gōngfu)
- 吃勁／吃劲 (chījìn)
- 吃勞保／吃劳保
- 吃勞金／吃劳金
- 吃十方
- 吃受
- 吃口 (chīkǒu)
- 吃吃喝喝 (chīchīhēhē)
- 吃合家歡／吃合家欢
- 吃味 (chīwèi)
- 吃味兒／吃味儿
- 吃啞吧虧／吃哑吧亏
- 吃商品糧／吃商品粮
- 吃啞巴虧／吃哑巴亏 (chī yǎbakuī)
- 吃喜
- 吃喝不分
- 吃喝兒／吃喝儿 (chīher)
- 吃喝嫖賭／吃喝嫖赌 (chīhēpiáodǔ)
- 吃喝玩樂／吃喝玩乐 (chīhēwánlè)
- 吃喜酒
- 吃嘴 (chīzuǐ)
- 吃回扣 (chī huíkòu)
- 吃回頭草／吃回头草 (chī huítóucǎo)
- 吃土 (chītǔ)
- 吃地面
- 吃夜草
- 吃大戶／吃大户 (chī dàhù)
- 吃大鍋飯／吃大锅饭 (chī dàguōfàn)
- 吃大項／吃大项
- 吃太平飯／吃太平饭
- 吃好
- 吃子孫飯／吃子孙饭
- 吃官司 (chī guānsi)
- 吃定心丸
- 吃客
- 吃寡酒
- 吃寡醋
- 吃小灶 (chī xiǎozào)
- 吃小虧，占大便宜
- 吃席 (chīxí)
- 吃床腿
- 吃後悔藥／吃后悔药 (chī hòuhuǐyào)
- 吃得
- 吃得下
- 吃得了
- 吃得住 (chīdezhù)
- 吃得來／吃得来 (chīdelái)
- 吃得光
- 吃得消 (chīdexiāo)
- 吃得苦中苦，方為人上人／吃得苦中苦，方为人上人 (chī de kǔ zhōng kǔ, fāng wéi rén shàng rén)
- 吃得開／吃得开 (chīdekāi)
- 吃心 (chīxīn)
- 吃悶虧／吃闷亏
- 吃惱／吃恼
- 吃慣／吃惯
- 吃拜拜
- 吃掉 (chīdiào)
- 吃掛絡兒／吃挂络儿
- 吃排落
- 吃排頭／吃排头
- 吃教
- 吃敗仗／吃败仗
- 吃敲才
- 吃本
- 吃板刀麵／吃板刀面
- 吃案
- 吃棒
- 吃槍子／吃枪子
- 吃槍藥／吃枪药 (chī qiāngyào)
- 吃死飯／吃死饭
- 吃水 (chīshuǐ)
- 吃水不忘掘井人
- 吃水線／吃水线 (chīshuǐxiàn)
- 吃法 (chīfǎ)
- 吃派飯／吃派饭 (chī pàifàn)
- 吃洋飯／吃洋饭
- 吃火鍋／吃火锅 (chī huǒguō)
- 吃煙／吃烟 (chīyān)
- 吃燒餅／吃烧饼
- 吃牌
- 吃牢
- 吃犒勞／吃犒劳
- 吃獨食／吃独食 (chī dúshí)
- 吃現成／吃现成
- 吃現成飯／吃现成饭 (chī xiànchéngfàn)
- 吃瓦片兒／吃瓦片儿 (chī wǎpiànr)
- 吃生活
- 吃癟／吃瘪 (chībiě)
- 吃白眼
- 吃白食 (chī báishí)
- 吃白飯／吃白饭 (chī báifàn)
- 吃皇糧／吃皇粮 (chī huángliáng)
- 吃盡當光／吃尽当光
- 吃相 (chīxiàng)
- 吃眼前虧／吃眼前亏
- 吃碰
- 吃碼頭／吃码头
- 吃私
- 吃租
- 吃空茶
- 吃空額／吃空额 (chī kòng'é)
- 吃管子
- 吃糠咽菜
- 吃糧／吃粮
- 吃紅／吃红
- 吃素 (chīsù)
- 吃緊／吃紧 (chījǐn)
- 吃纍／吃累
- 吃罪 (chīzuì)
- 吃老本 (chī lǎoběn)
- 吃耳光
- 吃膩／吃腻 (chīnì)
- 吃自來食／吃自来食
- 吃自在飯／吃自在饭
- 吃舊鍋粥／吃旧锅粥
- 吃花酒
- 吃苦 (chīkǔ)
- 吃苦耐勞／吃苦耐劳 (chīkǔnàiláo)
- 吃苦頭／吃苦头 (chī kǔtou)
- 吃茶 (chīchá)
- 吃著碗裏，望著鍋裏／吃著碗里，望著锅里
- 吃葷／吃荤 (chīhūn)
- 吃葷飯／吃荤饭
- 吃藥／吃药 (chīyào)
- 吃虧／吃亏 (chīkuī)
- 吃螺絲／吃螺丝 (chī luósī)
- 吃衙門飯／吃衙门饭
- 吃裡扒外／吃里扒外 (chīlǐpáwài)
- 吃裡爬外／吃里爬外 (chīlǐpáwài)
- 吃裏爬外／吃里爬外
- 吃請／吃请 (chīqǐng)
- 吃豆腐 (chī dòufu)
- 吃貨／吃货 (chīhuò)
- 吃賠賬／吃赔账
- 吃贓／吃赃
- 吃軟不吃硬／吃软不吃硬 (chīruǎnbùchīyìng)
- 吃軟飯／吃软饭 (chī ruǎnfàn)
- 吃辣麵／吃辣面
- 吃透 (chītòu)
- 吃過路兵／吃过路兵 (chī guòlù bīng)
- 吃酒 (chījiǔ)
- 吃醋 (chīcù)
- 吃醋拈酸
- 吃醋撚酸
- 吃醋爭風／吃醋争风
- 吃重 (chīzhòng)
- 吃釘子／吃钉子
- 吃釘板／吃钉板
- 吃錯藥／吃错药 (chī cuò yào)
- 吃閉門羹／吃闭门羹 (chī bìméngēng)
- 吃開口飯／吃开口饭
- 吃閒話／吃闲话
- 吃閒飯／吃闲饭 (chīxiánfàn)
- 吃零嘴
- 吃零食
- 吃青 (chīqīng)
- 吃青春飯／吃青春饭
- 吃飛醋／吃飞醋
- 吃食
- 吃食堂 (chī shítáng)
- 吃飯／吃饭 (chīfàn)
- 吃飯傢伙／吃饭家伙
- 吃飯家伙
- 吃飯防噎／吃饭防噎
- 吃飽／吃饱 (chībǎo)
- 吃飽了撐的／吃饱了撑的 (chībǎo le chēng de)
- 吃館子／吃馆子 (chīguǎnzi)
- 吃香 (chīxiāng)
- 吃香喝辣
- 吃驚／吃惊 (chījīng)
- 吃鴨蛋／吃鸭蛋 (chī yādàn)
- 吃黑棗兒／吃黑枣儿
- 吃墨船兒／吃墨船儿
- 吃齋／吃斋 (chīzhāi)
- 吃齋唸佛／吃斋念佛
- 吞吃 (tūnchī)
- 嘴吃屎
- 坐吃山崩
- 坐吃山空 (zuòchīshānkōng)
- 大吃
- 大吃一驚／大吃一惊 (dàchīyījīng)
- 大吃大喝 (dàchīdàhē)
- 大吃大嚼
- 天狗吃月
- 夯吃
- 好吃
- 好吃懶做／好吃懒做 (hàochīlǎnzuò)
- 寅吃卯糧／寅吃卯粮 (yínchīmǎoliáng)
- 小吃 (xiǎochī)
- 少吃無著／少吃无著
- 幫狗吃食／帮狗吃食
- 幫虎吃食／帮虎吃食
- 應卯吃糧／应卯吃粮
- 手面賺吃／手面赚吃
- 抹嘴吃
- 拈酸吃醋
- 搶生吃／抢生吃
- 搪酒吃
- 撩蜂吃螫
- 放牛吃草
- 暗吃一驚／暗吃一惊
- 死吃死嚼
- 混吃混玩
- 添案小吃
- 混飯吃／混饭吃 (hùnfànchī)
- 濫吃濫用／滥吃滥用
- 爭鋒吃醋／争锋吃醋
- 爭風吃醋／争风吃醋
- 狗吃屎
- 狗吃熱屎／狗吃热屎
- 狼吃幞頭
- 獨吃自痾／独吃自疴
- 生吃 (shēngchī)
- 白吃 (báichī)
- 白吃白住
- 白吃白喝 (báichībáihē)
- 百吃不厭／百吃不厌
- 禮教吃人／礼教吃人
- 穩吃三注
- 老大吃驚／老大吃惊 (lǎodà chījīng)
- 自找苦吃
- 自討苦吃／自讨苦吃 (zìtǎokǔchī)
- 蟲吃牙／虫吃牙
- 街頭小吃／街头小吃
- 討吃／讨吃
- 貪吃／贪吃 (tānchī)
- 貪吃懶做／贪吃懒做
- 賞口飯吃／赏口饭吃
- 通吃
- 零吃 (língchī)
- 靠山吃山
- 黑吃黑 (hēichīhēi)
Etymology 2
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
吃 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 㰟 | |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hek3 / gat1
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7ciq; 7keq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qi6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chih
- Wade–Giles: chʻih1
- Yale: chr̄
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chy
- Palladius: чи (či)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; dated in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jí
- Wade–Giles: chi2
- Yale: jí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hek3 / gat1
- Yale: hek / gāt
- Cantonese Pinyin: hek8 / gat7
- Guangdong Romanization: hég3 / ged1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɛːk̚³/, /kɐt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
- Wu
Note: 4keq - primarily in suburbs and dated urban pronunciation.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: qi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: kj+t
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kɯd/
Definitions
[edit]吃
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
吃 | |
|---|---|---|
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ci
- Wade–Giles: chʻi1
- Yale: chī
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chi
- Palladius: ци (ci)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jí
- Wade–Giles: chi2
- Yale: jí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hat1
- Yale: hāt
- Cantonese Pinyin: hat7
- Guangdong Romanization: hed1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
Definitions
[edit]吃
- Only used in 吃吃 (qīqī).
Etymology 4
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
吃 | |
|---|---|---|
Pronunciation
[edit]- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chia̍h
Definitions
[edit]吃
- (Hokkien) Alternative form of 食
- 看你在過生活 攏是坐著賺躺著吃 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- From: 2003, 蔡秋鳳 (Kerris Tsai) (lyricist 李岩修), 爽到你艱苦到我
- khòaⁿ lí leh kòe seng-oa̍h, lóng sī chē-leh thàn tó-teh chia̍h [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- When I look at you living your life, you're always earning your living while sitting and eating while lying down.
看你在过生活 拢是坐著赚躺著吃 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]吃
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 吃 |
| きつ Hyōgai |
| kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 吃 (MC kj+t).
Affix
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
See also
[edit]- 喫 (kitsu)
Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 吃 |
| チー Hyōgai |
| irregular |
From Mandarin 吃 (chī, literally “to eat”).[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Coordinate terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 吃 |
| ままなき Hyōgai |
| irregular |
Possibly a compound of 儘 (mama, “remaining at a certain state”) + 泣き (naki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 泣く (naku), “to cry”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Noun
[edit]Synonyms
[edit]- 吃り (domori)
References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]吃 (eum 흘 (heul))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]吃: Hán Nôm readings: khật, hấc, hất, hớt, ngát, ngặt, ngật, ực, cật
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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