се

See also: сэ, сѐ, сё, -се, се-, and Appendix:Variations of "se"

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɛ]

Pronoun

се • (se)

1. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) the accusative short form of the reflexive pronoun себе си (sebe si), part of reflexive verbs, denoting that the subject is simultaneously the direct object; corresponds to myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

   Обичам се.

   Običam se.

   I love myself.

   Обича се.

   Običa se.

   He/She/It loves himself/herself/itself.

2. (reciprocal, clitic) accusative reciprocal pronoun, denoting that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves; corresponds to each other, one another

   Synonym: един друг (edin drug)

   Мария и Петър се обичат.

   Marija i Petǎr se običat.

   Maria and Petar love each other.

3. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) reflexive pronoun, part of autocausative verbs, denoting that the referent represented by the subject combines the activity of actor and undergoes a change of state like a patient

   Петър се обиди.

   Petǎr se obidi.

   Petаr became/was offended.

4. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) reflexive pronoun, part of anticausative verbs, denoting that the subject of the verb undergoes an action or change of state whose agent is unclear or nonexistent

   Вратата се отвори.

   Vratata se otvori.

   The door was opened.

5. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and undetermined agent

   От моята къща се вижда морето.

   Ot mojata kǎšta se vižda moreto.

   From my house one can see the sea.

   Говори се, че...

   Govori se, če...

   It is said that...

6. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and determined agent

   Писмото се пише от мен.

   Pismoto se piše ot men.

   The letter is being written by me.

   Къщата се проектира от известен архитект.

   Kǎštata se proektira ot izvesten arhitekt.

   The house was designed by a famous architect.

7. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry

   Гордея се с работата на Сиву в училище.

   Gordeja se s rabotata na Sivu v učilište.

   I am proud of Sivu's schoolwork.

   Тя се надява да спечели златния медал.

   Tja se nadjava da spečeli zlatnija medal.

   She is hoping to win the gold medal.

Erzya

Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *śe, from Proto-Uralic *śe (“it”). Cognates include Moksha ся (śa), Finnish se, Estonian see.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sʲe/

Pronoun

се • (śe)

1. (demonstrative) that

   седе мейле ― śeďe mejľe ― after that

   • 1821, Novum Testamentum Mordvinice litt. cyrill.‎^[1], page 92:

     Чокшне се чиста ю̂втызе сонъ сынянстъ: уйдянокъ тона ю̂новъ.

     Čokšńe śe čista jûvtiźe son sińanst: ujďanok tona jûnov.

     That day when evening came, he said to his disciples, “Let us go over to the other side.”

Declension

Declension of се (śe)

	singular	plural
nominative	се (śe)	сеть (śeť), сетне (śeťńe)
genitive	сень (śeń)	сетнень (śeťńeń)
dative	сенень (śeńeń)	сетненень (śeťńeńeń)
ablative	седе (śeďe)	сетнеде (śeťńeďe)
inessive	сеньсэ (śeńse), сень эйсэ (śeń ejse)	сетнесэ (śeťńese)
elative	сеньстэ (śeńste), сень эйстэ (śeń ejste)	сетнестэ (śeťńeste)
illative	сеньс (śeńs), сень эйс (śeń ejs)	сетнес (śeťńes)
prolative	сеньга (śeńga), сень эзга (śeń ezga)	сетнева (śeťńeva)
translative	сень эзкс (śeń ezks)	сетнекс (śeťńeks)
abessive	сентеме (śeńťeme)	сетневтеме (śeťńevťeme)
comparative	сеньшка (śeńška)	сетнешка (śeťńeška)

References

• B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “се”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс, Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
• Entry #59 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

Ingush

Etymology

Akin to Chechen сте (ste).

Noun

се • (se)

1. female

Macedonian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɛ]
• Homophone: сѐ (sè)

Pronoun

се • (se)

1. Short reflexive direct object pronoun (all persons).
2. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) the accusative short form of the reflexive pronoun себе си, part of reflexive verbs, denoting that the subject is simultaneously the direct object; corresponds to myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

   Се сакам.

   Se sakam.

   I love myself.

   Се сака.

   Se saka.

   He/she/it loves himself/herself/itself.

3. (reciprocal pronoun, clitic) accusative reciprocal pronoun, denoting that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves; corresponds to each other, one another

   Марија и Петар се сакаат.

   Marija i Petar se sakaat.

   Maria and Petar love each other.

4. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) reflexive pronoun, part of autocausative verbs, denoting that the referent represented by the subject combines the activity of actor and undergoes a change of state like a patient

   Петар се навреди.

   Petar se navredi.

   Peter became offended.

5. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) reflexive pronoun, part of anticausative verbs, denoting that the subject of the verb undergoes an action or change of state whose agent is unclear or nonexistent

   Вратата се отвори.

   Vratata se otvori.

   The door was opened.

6. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and undetermined agent

   Од мојата куќа се гледа морето.

   Od mojata kuḱa se gleda moreto.

   From my house one can see the sea.

   Се вели, дека...

   Se veli, deka...

   It is said that...

7. (reflexive pronoun, clitic, formal) used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and determined agent

   Куќата се проектира од познат архитект.

   Kuḱata se proektira od poznat arhitekt.

   The house was designed by a famous architect.

8. (reflexive pronoun, clitic) inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry

   Јас се гордеам со школскиот успех на Иво.

   Jas se gordeam so školskiot uspeh na Ivo.

   I am proud of Ivo's success as school.

   Таа се надева дека ќе освои златен медал.

   Taa se nadeva deka ḱe osvoi zlaten medal.

   She is hoping to win the gold medal.

Russian

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

се • (sjo)

1. Alternative spelling of сё (sjo)

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronoun

се (Latin spelling se)

1. oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun)
   1. myself
   2. yourself
   3. himself
   4. herself
   5. itself
   6. ourselves
   7. yourselves
   8. themselves
2. (by extension, impersonal) Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person where the impersonal subject does the verb unto itself

Declension

Declension of се

	singular	plural
nominative	—	—
genitive	се̏бе, се	се̏бе
dative	се̏би, си	се̏би
accusative	се̏бе, се	се̏бе
vocative	—	—
locative	се̏би	се̏би
instrumental	со̏бо̄м	со̏бом

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sь.

Particle

се (Latin spelling se)

1. (obsolete) this is; here is
   • 1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

     се лежи вигань милошевиꙉь

     Here lies Viganj Milošević.

Tajik

Tajik numbers ^(edit)

	30
←  2	3	4  → [a], [b]
Cardinal: се (se)     Ordinal: сеюм (seyum)

Etymology

Inherited from Classical Persian سِهْ (sih).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/, [se]

Numeral

се • (se) (Persian spelling سه)

1. three