sine

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sine"

English

Sine function

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin sinus (“curve, bend; bosom”), a translation of Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “bosom”), a misidentification of the notation جيب (j-y-b), written without vowel diacritics, standing for Arabic جِيبَ (jība, “sine”), in turn from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “sine, chord, bowstring”) through the similar Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “sine, chord, life, existence”). Doublet of sinus.

Pronunciation

• enPR: sīn, IPA^(key): /saɪn/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Homophones: sign, syne
• Rhymes: -aɪn

Noun

sine (plural sines)

1. (trigonometry, mathematics) In a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse.

Usage notes

In various branches of mathematics, the sine of an angle is determined in various ways, including the following:

• The y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle at the given anticlockwise angle from the positive x-axis.
• The sum of the real or complex power series
  
       $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{{(-1)^{n-1}} \over {(2n-1)!}}x^{2n-1}=x-{1 \over 6}x^{3}+{1 \over 120}x^{5}-{1 \over 5040}x^{7}+...$
  
  where x is in radians.

Synonyms

• Symbol: sin

Coordinate terms

• cosine
• cosecant
• cotangent
• secant
• tangent
• trigonometry

Derived terms

• arcsine
• cosine
• coversed sine
• Fourier sine series
• hacoversed sine
• haversed sine
• hyperbolic sine
• inverse sine
• sine formula
• sine-Gordon equation
• sine law
• sine ratio
• sine rule
• sine wave
• sinical
• sinusoid
• sinusoidal
• versed sine

 

Related terms

• insinuate
• sinuous
• sinus
• sinusitis

 

Translations

trigonometric function

• Afrikaans: sinus, sinusse
• Albanian: sinus (sq) m
• Arabic: جَيْب (ar) m (jayb)
• Armenian: սինուս (hy) (sinus)
• Basque: sinu
• Bulgarian: синус (bg) m (sinus)
• Burmese: ဆိုင်း (my) (hcuing:)
• Catalan: sinus (ca) m
• Cebuano: lidpa
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 正弦 (zing³ jin⁴)

  Mandarin: 正弦 (zh) (zhèngxián)

• Czech: sinus (cs) m
• Danish: sinus
• Dutch: sinus (nl) m
• Esperanto: sinuso
• Finnish: sini (fi)
• French: sinus (fr) m
• Galician: seno m
• Georgian: please add this translation if you can
• German: Sinus (de) m
• Greek: ημίτονο (el) n (imítono)
• Gujarati: જ્યા f (jyā)
• Hebrew: סינוס (he) m (sinus)
• Hindi: ज्या (hi) f (jyā)
• Hungarian: szinusz (hu)
• Icelandic: sínus m
• Ido: sinuso (io)
• Indonesian: sinus (id)
• Irish: síneas m
• Italian: seno (it) m
• Japanese: サイン (ja) (sain), 正弦 (ja) (seigen)
• Khmer: ស៊ីនុស (siinuh)
• Korean: 사인 (ko) (sain), 정현 (jeonghyeon)
• Macedonian: синус m (sinus)
• Malay: sinus
• Manx: sheenys m
• Norwegian: sinus (no) m
• Ottoman Turkish: جیب (ceb)
• Persian: جیب (fa) (jayb, jeyb), سینوس (fa) (sinus)
• Polish: sinus (pl) m
• Portuguese: seno (pt) m
• Romanian: sinus (ro) n
• Russian: си́нус (ru) m (sínus)
• Serbo-Croatian: sinus (sh)
• Slovak: sínus m
• Slovene: sinus (sl) m
• Spanish: seno (es) m
• Swedish: sinus (sv)
• Tagalog: sinway
• Tamil: செவ்வளை (cevvaḷai)
• Thai: ไซน์ (th) (saai)
• Ukrainian: си́нус (uk) m (sýnus)
• Vietnamese: sin (vi)

See also

etymologically unrelated multiword terms containing "sine"

• adjournment sine die
• Latino sine Flexione
• nulla poena sine lege
• nulla pœna sine lege
• sine qua non
• sine quâ non
• zoster sine herpete

 

Anagrams

• EINs, NIEs, Nies, sein, sien, snie

Ainu

Ainu cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sine     Ordinal : sine ikinne

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɕìꜛné/

Numeral

sine (Kana spelling シネ)

1. one

Bikol Central

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from a clipping of Spanish cinema, a reduction of Spanish cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: si‧ne
• IPA^(key): /ˈsine/ [ˈsi.n̪e]

Noun

síne

1. cinema
2. movie, show

   Synonyms: pelikula, pasali

Derived terms

• magsine
• pasine
• sinehan
• sinehon

 

Cebuano

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from Clipping of Spanish cinema, a reduction of Spanish cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: si‧ne

Noun

sine

1. film; movie
2. (dated) cinema; movie theater

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:sine.

Derived terms

• sinehan

 

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /siːnə/, [ˈsiːnə], [ˌsiːnə]

Pronoun

sine

1. plural of sin

See also

Danish personal pronouns

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
					common	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	mig	min	mit	mine
	Second	modern / informal	du	dig	din	dit	dine
		formal	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	hende	hendes
		common(noun)	den		dens
		neuter(noun)	det		dets
		reflexive	–	sig	sin	sit	sine
Plural	First	modern	vi	os	vores
		archaic / formal			vor	vort	vore
	Second	–	I	jer	jeres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres
		reflexive	–	sig

Finnish

Etymology

sini +‎ -e

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsineˣ/, [ˈs̠ine̞(ʔ)]
• Rhymes: -ine
• Syllabification^(key): si‧ne

Noun

sine

1. bluing (blue pigment used for coloring clothes when washing)
2. blueprint (paper-based reproduction usually of a technical drawing)

Declension

Inflection of sine (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
nominative		sine	sineet
genitive		sineen	sineiden sineitten
partitive		sinettä	sineitä
illative		sineeseen	sineisiin sineihin
		singular	plural
nominative		sine	sineet
accusative	nom.	sine	sineet
	gen.	sineen
genitive		sineen	sineiden sineitten
partitive		sinettä	sineitä
inessive		sineessä	sineissä
elative		sineestä	sineistä
illative		sineeseen	sineisiin sineihin
adessive		sineellä	sineillä
ablative		sineeltä	sineiltä
allative		sineelle	sineille
essive		sineenä	sineinä
translative		sineeksi	sineiksi
abessive		sineettä	sineittä
instructive		—	sinein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of sine (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative sineeni sineeni accusative nom. sineeni sineeni gen. sineeni genitive sineeni sineideni sineitteni partitive sinettäni sineitäni inessive sineessäni sineissäni elative sineestäni sineistäni illative sineeseeni sineisiini sineihini adessive sineelläni sineilläni ablative sineeltäni sineiltäni allative sineelleni sineilleni essive sineenäni sineinäni translative sineekseni sineikseni abessive sineettäni sineittäni instructive — — comitative — sineineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative sineesi sineesi accusative nom. sineesi sineesi gen. sineesi genitive sineesi sineidesi sineittesi partitive sinettäsi sineitäsi inessive sineessäsi sineissäsi elative sineestäsi sineistäsi illative sineeseesi sineisiisi sineihisi adessive sineelläsi sineilläsi ablative sineeltäsi sineiltäsi allative sineellesi sineillesi essive sineenäsi sineinäsi translative sineeksesi sineiksesi abessive sineettäsi sineittäsi instructive — — comitative — sineinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative sineemme sineemme accusative nom. sineemme sineemme gen. sineemme genitive sineemme sineidemme sineittemme partitive sinettämme sineitämme inessive sineessämme sineissämme elative sineestämme sineistämme illative sineeseemme sineisiimme sineihimme adessive sineellämme sineillämme ablative sineeltämme sineiltämme allative sineellemme sineillemme essive sineenämme sineinämme translative sineeksemme sineiksemme abessive sineettämme sineittämme instructive — — comitative — sineinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative sineenne sineenne accusative nom. sineenne sineenne gen. sineenne genitive sineenne sineidenne sineittenne partitive sinettänne sineitänne inessive sineessänne sineissänne elative sineestänne sineistänne illative sineeseenne sineisiinne sineihinne adessive sineellänne sineillänne ablative sineeltänne sineiltänne allative sineellenne sineillenne essive sineenänne sineinänne translative sineeksenne sineiksenne abessive sineettänne sineittänne instructive — — comitative — sineinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative sineensä sineensä accusative nom. sineensä sineensä gen. sineensä genitive sineensä sineidensä sineittensä partitive sinettään sinettänsä sineitään sineitänsä inessive sineessään sineessänsä sineissään sineissänsä elative sineestään sineestänsä sineistään sineistänsä illative sineeseensä sineisiinsä sineihinsä adessive sineellään sineellänsä sineillään sineillänsä ablative sineeltään sineeltänsä sineiltään sineiltänsä allative sineelleen sineellensä sineilleen sineillensä essive sineenään sineenänsä sineinään sineinänsä translative sineekseen sineeksensä sineikseen sineiksensä abessive sineettään sineettänsä sineittään sineittänsä instructive — — comitative — sineineen sineinensä

Anagrams

• -isen, ensi, ensi-, ines, sein

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ˈʃɪnʲə/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ˈʃɪn̠ʲə/
• Homophone: sinne (Ulster)

Etymology 1

From Old Irish sine, siniu, comparative form of sen (“old”).

Adjective

sine

1. comparative degree of sean: older

Etymology 2

From Old Irish sine (“teat, dug, pap”), from Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn. Cognate with Old Norse speni (“teat”), English spean (“teat (of a cow)”).

Noun

sine f (genitive singular sine, nominative plural siní)

1. nipple

Declension

Declension of sine

Fourth declension

Bare forms Case Singular Plural Nominative sine siní Vocative a shine a shiní Genitive sine siní Dative sine siní

Forms with the definite article Case Singular Plural Nominative an tsine na siní Genitive na sine na siní Dative leis an tsine don tsine leis na siní

Derived terms

• sine siain (“uvula”)

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
sine	shine after an, tsine	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sine”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈsi.ne/, [ˈs̠ɪnɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈsi.ne/, [ˈsiːne]

Etymology 1

The function of this preposition was previously done with the use of sē, sēd (see sē-, sed), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”), thus meaning "by itself", "without". Some still refer the si- in sine to this root, others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *só (“this”), whence si (“if”). And as sometimes nesi was also written, with -ne being nē (“not”), sine might literally mean "not this". Compare with nisi.

Yet others refer sine to Proto-Indo-European *sen(H)i (“for oneself, without”), itself possibly related to *swé or more likely a locative of *senH-. Thus cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́νευ (áneu), ἄτερ (áter, “without”), Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off”), Old English sundor; compare especially Tocharian B snai and Old Irish sain (“separated, different”) (Proto-Celtic *sanis), which may reflect the original PIE adverb.

The ablative is from a PIE ablative of separation or a comitative-instrumental analogous to cum. Compare Sanskrit विना (vinā).

Preposition

sine (+ ablative)

1. without

   Sum sine rēgnō.

   I am without a kingdom.

Derived terms

• decessit sine prole
• injuria sine damno
• sine anno
• sine causā
• sine diē
• sine nōmine
• sine prōle
• sum sine regno

 

Descendants

• Franco-Provençal: sen
• Friulian: cence
• Italian: senza
• Old Catalan:
  • Catalan: sense, sens
• Old French: senz, sens, sans, san, saunce
  • → Middle English: saunz, sauns, sanz, sans, saunce, san, saun, sawnz, sauncz, sance
    • English: sans
    • Scots: sans (obsolete)
  • Middle French: sans
    • French: sans
    • Norman: sans (Jersey)
• Old Galician-Portuguese: sen
  • Fala: sin
  • Galician: sen
  • Portuguese: sem
• Old Spanish: sin
  • Ladino: sin
  • Spanish: sin
• Sardinian: sine

Preposition

sine (+ accusative) (African Vulgar Latin)

1. without

References

• “sine”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 907

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

sine

1. second-person singular present active imperative of sinō

Middle Dutch

Determiner

sine

1. inflection of sijn:
   1. feminine nominative/accusative singular
   2. nominative/accusative plural

Middle English

Noun

sine

1. Alternative form of synne

Neapolitan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsinɛ/, /ˈsinɐ/

Particle

sine

1. yes

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse sínir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /siːne/

Determiner

sine pl

1. plural of sin

See also

    Personal pronouns in Bokmål

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
					feminine	masculine	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	meg	mi	min	mitt	mine
	Second	general	du	deg	di	din	ditt	dine
		formal (rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	feminine (person)	hun	henne	hennes
		masculine (person)	han	ham / han	hans
		feminine (noun)	den		dens
		masculine (noun)
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		reflexive	–	seg	si	sin	sitt	sine
Plural	First	–	vi	oss	vår		vårt	våre
	Second	general	dere		deres
		formal (very rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	general	de	dem	deres
		reflexive	–	seg	si	sin	sitt	sine

References

• “sin” in The Bokmål Dictionary / The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• isen, isne, neis, nise, sein, si-en, -isen, snei

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse sínir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²siːnə/

Determiner

sine pl

1. plural of sin

References

• “sin” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsiː.ne/

Pronoun

sīne

1. inflection of sīn:
   1. accusative feminine singular
   2. instrumental masculine/neuter singular
   3. nominative/accusative masculine/feminine plural

Old French

Noun

sine oblique singular, m (oblique plural sines, nominative singular sines, nominative plural sine)

1. Alternative form of cisne

Noun

sine oblique singular, m (oblique plural sines, nominative singular sines, nominative plural sine)

1. Alternative form of signe

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, itself from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsʲinʲe]

Noun

sine m

1. nipple, teat

Inflection

Usual declension:

Masculine io-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sine	sineL	siniL
Vocative	sini	sineL	siniu
Accusative	sineN	sineL	siniuH
Genitive	siniL	sineL	sineN
Dative	siniuL	sinib	sinib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

A variant dental-stem declension can also be found.

Masculine d-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sine	sinidL, sine	sinid
Vocative	sine	sinidL, sine	sineda
Accusative	sinidN	sinidL, sine	sineda
Genitive	sined	sined	sinedN
Dative	sinidL	sinedaib	sinedaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: sine
• Manx: sheeiney
• Scottish Gaelic: sine
• ⇒ Middle Irish: triphne (“having three teats”)

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
sine	ṡine	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
sine	phine, fine	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀲𑀺𑀦𑁂 (Brahmi script)
• सिने (Devanagari script)
• সিনে (Bengali script)
• සිනෙ (Sinhalese script)
• သိနေ or သိၼေ (Burmese script)
• สิเน (Thai script)
• ᩈᩥᨶᩮ (Tai Tham script)
• ສິເນ (Lao script)
• សិនេ (Khmer script)
• 𑄥𑄨𑄚𑄬 (Chakma script)

Verb

sine

1. optative active third-person singular of sinoti (“to bind”)

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɕi.nɛ/
• Rhymes: -inɛ
• Syllabification: si‧ne

Adjective

sine

1. inflection of siny:
   1. neuter nominative/accusative/vocative singular
   2. nonvirile nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin sē, as with mine, tine.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsi.ne/
• Rhymes: -ine

Pronoun

sine (stressed reflexive-accusative form of el, ea, ei, and ele)

1. (direct object, preceded by preposition, such as "pe", "cu", "la", or "pentru") himself, herself, itself, themselves

   Synonym: (unstressed form) se

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʃinə/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish sine (“teat, dug, pap”), from Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn. Cognate with Old Norse speni (“teat”), English spean (“teat (of a cow)”).

Noun

sine f (genitive singular sine, plural sinean)

1. (anatomy) nipple, teat

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English gin.

Noun

sine f

1. gin (drink)

Etymology 3

From Old Irish sine (“old age, seniority, antiquity”), from sen (“old”).

Noun

sine f

1. oldness
2. old age

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

sine

1. comparative degree of sean (“old”)

Mutation

Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical	Lenition
sine	shine after "an", t-sine
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “sine”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎^[1], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “3 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

sine (Cyrillic spelling сине)

1. inflection of sina:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Tagalog

Alternative forms

• cine

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from a clipping of cinema, a reduction of cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈsine/ [ˈsiː.n̪ɛ]
• Rhymes: -ine
• Syllabification: si‧ne

Noun

sine (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜈᜒ)

1. film; movie

   Synonyms: pelikula, puting-tabing

2. (dated) cinema; movie theater

   Synonym: sinehan

Derived terms

• sinehan

Related terms

• sinematika
• sinematograpiya
• sinematograpo

 

Further reading

• “sine”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018