rak

See also: Appendix:Variations of "rak"

Breton

Conjunction

rak

1. because

Preposition

rak

1. before

Inflection

  Personal forms of rak  

singular		plural
1	razon	1	razomp
2	razout	2	razoc'h
3 m	razañ	3	razo
3 f	razi
imp.	razor

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian рак (rak).

Noun

rak

1. cancer

Declension

Declension of rak

	singular	plural
nominative	rak	raklar
genitive	raknıñ	raklarnıñ
dative	rakqa	raklarğa
accusative	raknı	raklarnı
locative	rakta	raklarda
ablative	raktan	raklardan

References

• Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎^[1], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN
• “rak”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech rak, from Proto-Slavic *rakъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈrak]
• Rhymes: -ak

Noun

rak m anim

1. crayfish
2. (colloquial, archaic) cancer

   Synonym: rakovina

Declension

Declension of rak (velar masculine animate)

	singular	plural
nominative	rak	raci
genitive	raka	raků
dative	rakovi, raku	rakům
accusative	raka	raky
vocative	raku	raci
locative	rakovi, raku	racích
instrumental	rakem	raky

Derived terms

• račí

 

See also

• humr
• Rak

Further reading

• “rak”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “rak”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “rak”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rak/, [ʁɑɡ̊]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

rak n (singular definite rakket, not used in plural form)

1. rabble, riffraff

   Få så det rak væk! Det skræmmer kunderne væk.

   Get that rabble away! It scares off the customers.

Verb

rak

1. imperative of rakke

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rɑk/
• Hyphenation: rak
• Rhymes: -ɑk

Etymology 1

Related to rekken.

Noun

rak n (plural rakken, diminutive rakje n)

1. a straight section of a waterway
2. a straight distance or section that one traverses by sailing

Derived terms

• Damrak

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch rac. Variant of rek. Possibly related to etymology 1.

Noun

rak n (plural rakken, diminutive rakje n)

1. (nautical) a rack, a frame

   Synonym: rek

Etymology 3

From Middle Dutch *rak, from Old Dutch *rak, from Proto-West Germanic *rak, from Proto-Germanic *raką (“cord, chain”). Alternatively borrowed from Middle Low German rak (“parrel”), from Old Saxon *rak, from the same West Germanic source above.

Alternative forms

• rek

Noun

rak n (plural rakken, diminutive rakje n)

1. a rope (often protected with wooden beads), chain or brace for fixing a spar to the mast

   Synonym: rek

Hungarian

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *rakkɜ- (“to make, prepare, build”). Cognates include Finnish rakentaa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈrɒk]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɒk

Verb

rak

1. (transitive) to put, set

   Synonyms: tesz, helyez, pakol

Conjugation

conjugation of rak

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	rakok	raksz	rak	rakunk	raktok	raknak
		Def.	rakom	rakod	rakja	rakjuk	rakjátok	rakják
		2nd-p. o.	raklak	―
	Past	Indef.	raktam	raktál	rakott	raktunk	raktatok	raktak
		Def.	raktam	raktad	rakta	raktuk	raktátok	rakták
		2nd-p. o.	raktalak	―
	Future		Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. rakni fog.
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	rakék	rakál	raka	rakánk	rakátok	rakának
		Def.	rakám	rakád	raká	rakánk	rakátok	rakák
		2nd-p. o.	rakálak	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. rak vala, rakott vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	rakandok	rakandasz	rakand	rakandunk	rakandotok	rakandanak
		Def.	rakandom	rakandod	rakandja	rakandjuk	rakandjátok	rakandják
		2nd-p. o.	rakandalak	―
Condi­tional mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	raknék	raknál	rakna	raknánk	raknátok	raknának
		Def.	raknám	raknád	rakná	raknánk (or raknók)	raknátok	raknák
		2nd-p. o.	raknálak	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. rakott volna
Sub­junc­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	rakjak	rakj or rakjál	rakjon	rakjunk	rakjatok	rakjanak
		Def.	rakjam	rakd or rakjad	rakja	rakjuk	rakjátok	rakják
		2nd-p. o.	rakjalak	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. rakott légyen
Infinitive	rakni		raknom	raknod	raknia	raknunk	raknotok	rakniuk
Other forms	Verbal noun		Present part.	Past part.	Future part.	Adverbial participle		Causative
	rakás		rakó	rakott	rakandó	rakva (rakván)
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs).

potential conjugation of rak

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	rakhatok	rakhatsz	rakhat	rakhatunk	rakhattok	rakhatnak
		Def.	rakhatom	rakhatod	rakhatja	rakhatjuk	rakhatjátok	rakhatják
		2nd-p. o.	rakhatlak	―
	Past	Indef.	rakhattam	rakhattál	rakhatott	rakhattunk	rakhattatok	rakhattak
		Def.	rakhattam	rakhattad	rakhatta	rakhattuk	rakhattátok	rakhatták
		2nd-p. o.	rakhattalak	―
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	rakhaték	rakhatál	rakhata	rakhatánk	rakhatátok	rakhatának
		Def.	rakhatám	rakhatád	rakhatá	rakhatánk	rakhatátok	rakhaták
		2nd-p. o.	rakhatálak	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. rakhat vala, rakhatott vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	rakhatandok or rakandhatok	rakhatandasz or rakandhatsz	rakhatand or rakandhat	rakhatandunk or rakandhatunk	rakhatandotok or rakandhattok	rakhatandanak or rakandhatnak
		Def.	rakhatandom or rakandhatom	rakhatandod or rakandhatod	rakhatandja or rakandhatja	rakhatandjuk or rakandhatjuk	rakhatandjátok or rakandhatjátok	rakhatandják or rakandhatják
		2nd-p. o.	rakhatandalak or rakandhatlak	―
Condi­tional mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	rakhatnék	rakhatnál	rakhatna	rakhatnánk	rakhatnátok	rakhatnának
		Def.	rakhatnám	rakhatnád	rakhatná	rakhatnánk (or rakhatnók)	rakhatnátok	rakhatnák
		2nd-p. o.	rakhatnálak	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. rakhatott volna
Sub­junc­tive mood	Pre­sent	Indef.	rakhassak	rakhass or rakhassál	rakhasson	rakhassunk	rakhassatok	rakhassanak
		Def.	rakhassam	rakhasd or rakhassad	rakhassa	rakhassuk	rakhassátok	rakhassák
		2nd-p. o.	rakhassalak	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. rakhatott légyen
Inf.	(rakhatni)		(rakhatnom)	(rakhatnod)	(rakhatnia)	(rakhatnunk)	(rakhatnotok)	(rakhatniuk)
Positive adjective			rakható	Neg. adj.	rakhatatlan	Adv. part.	(rakhatva / rakhatván)

Derived terms

• rakás
• rakodik
• rakódik
• rakomány

 

Compound words

• raklap
• rakpart
• raktár

 

(With verbal prefixes):

• alárak
• átrak
• berak
• belerak
• egyberak
• elrak
• előrerak
• felrak
• fölrak
• félrerak
• hátrarak
• hazarak
• helyrerak
• hozzárak
• iderak
• kirak
• körülrak
• közérak
• különrak
• lerak
• megrak
• mellérak
• odarak
• összerak
• rárak
• széjjelrak
• szétrak
• telerak
• újrarak
• végigrak
• visszarak

Further reading

• rak in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Anagrams

• kar

Icelandic

Etymology 1

From Old Norse rak.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /raːk/
• Rhymes: -aːk

Noun

rak n (genitive singular raks, nominative plural rök)

1. wick (of a candle)
2. (chiefly in the plural) raking (quantity of hay)

Synonyms

• (wick): kveikur

Etymology 2

Verb

rak

1. first/third-person singular past indicative active of reka

Anagrams

• ark, kar

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rakъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rak/

Noun

rak m animal

1. crustacean
2. cancer
3. Cancer

Declension

Declension of rak

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	rak	raka	raki
Genitive	raka	rakowu	rakow
Dative	rakoju	rakoma	rakam
Accusative	raka	rakowu	raki, rakow
Instrumental	rakom	rakoma	rakami
Locative	raku	rakoma	rakach

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “rak”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “rak”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Malay

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [raʔ]
• Rhymes: -ak
• Hyphenation: rak

Etymology 1

Probably from English rack.

Noun

rak (Jawi spelling رق, plural rak-rak, informal 1st possessive rakku, 2nd possessive rakmu, 3rd possessive raknya)

1. A shelf.

   Synonyms: para / para-para, almari

Compounds

• rak buku (“bookshelf”)

 

Descendants

• Indonesian: rak

Etymology 2

Clipping of derak.

Noun

rak (Jawi spelling رق, plural rak-rak, informal 1st possessive rakku, 2nd possessive rakmu, 3rd possessive raknya)

1. (onomatopoeia) The sound of a pen being dragged across a paper.
2. (onomatopoeia) The sound of wood breaking and other similar things.

Affixations

• rak-rok / rok-rak

 

Descendants

• Indonesian: rak

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

rak (Jawi spelling رق, plural rak-rak, informal 1st possessive rakku, 2nd possessive rakmu, 3rd possessive raknya)

1. (Kelantan-Pattani) A not so thick bush.

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

rak (Jawi spelling رق)

1. (Kelantan-Pattani) Alternative form of larat.

References

• “rak” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Marshallese

Pronunciation

• (phonetic) IPA^(key): [rˠɑk]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /rˠæk/
• Bender phonemes: {rak}

Noun

rak

1. south
2. summer

Synonyms

• jem̧ar (“summer”)

References

• Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Compare with Icelandic rakur

Adjective

rak (masculine and feminine rak, neuter rakt, definite singular and plural rake)

1. salted and partially fermented (of fish)

Derived terms

• rakfisk

References

• “rak” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “rak_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Compare with Icelandic rakur

Adjective

rak (neuter rakt, definite singular and plural rake)

1. salted and partially fermented (of fish)
2. straight

Derived terms

• rakfisk

Etymology 2

Verb

rak

1. imperative of raka

References

• “rak” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Norse

Verb

rak

1. first/third-person singular past active indicative of reka

Palauan

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

rak

1. year

References

• rak in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
• rak in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
• rak in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 285.

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish rak, from Proto-Slavic *ràkъ.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈrak/

• (Masovia):
  • (Near Masovian) IPA^(key): /ˈrak/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ak
• Syllabification: rak

Noun

rak m animal (diminutive raczek)

1. cancer (disease)
2. crayfish (term also used for certain other crustaceans)
3. crampon (spike on a boot used for ice climbing)
4. (Near Masovian) wooden measure on a windmill to regulate the spacing between the fingers of the millwheel

   Hypernym: miara

Declension

Declension of rak

	singular	plural
nominative	rak	raki
genitive	raka	raków
dative	rakowi	rakom
accusative	raka	raki
instrumental	rakiem	rakami
locative	raku	rakach
vocative	raku	raki

Derived terms

adjectives

• rakogenny
• rakotwórczy
• rakowaty
• rakowy

 

nouns

• raczarnia
• racznik
• raczyna
• rakotwórczość
• rakowatość

 

proper nouns

• Rak
• Raków

 

verb

• rakowacieć impf

 

Further reading

• rak in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• rak in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Władysław Matlakowski (1891) “rak”, in “Zbiór wyrazów ludowych dawnej ziemi czerskiej”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 369

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rakъ.

Noun

rȁk m (Cyrillic spelling ра̏к, diminutive ràčić)

1. crab
2. cancer (astrology)

   Ja sam rak u horoskopu. ― I am cancer in horoscope.

3. (colloquial) cancer (disease)

   Imam rak dojke. ― I have breast cancer.

Usage notes

Rak can also be declined inanimated, if used for the disease.

Declension

Declension of rak

	singular	plural
nominative	rȁk	ràkovi
genitive	raka	rakova
dative	raku	rakovima
accusative	raka	rakove
vocative	rače	rakovi
locative	raku	rakovima
instrumental	rakom	rakovima

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rakъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [rak]

Noun

rak m animal

1. crayfish

Declension

Declension of rak

	singular	plural
nominative	rak	raky
genitive	raka	rakov
dative	rakovi	rakom
accusative	raka	raky
locative	rakovi	rakoch
instrumental	rakom	rakmi

See also

• homár m
• Rak
• račí
• ráčik

Noun

rak m inan

1. (colloquial, archaic) cancer

   Synonym: rakovina

Declension

Declension of rak

	singular	plural
nominative	rak	raky
genitive	raka	rakov
dative	raku	rakom
accusative	rak	raky
locative	raku	rakoch
instrumental	rakom	rakmi

Further reading

• “rak”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Southwestern Dinka

Noun

rak (plural rɔɔk)

1. Shea tree, Vitellaria paradoxa
2. the fruit of this tree, shea nut

References

• Dinka-English Dictionary‎^[2], 2005

Swedish

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

rak (comparative rakare, superlative rakast)

1. straight; unbent
2. straight; direct, frank
3. (internal combustion engines) straight

Declension

Inflection of rak
Indefinite	Positive	Comparative	Superlative2
Common singular	rak	rakare	rakast
Neuter singular	rakt	rakare	rakast
Plural	raka	rakare	rakast
Masculine plural3	rake	rakare	rakast
Definite	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Masculine singular1	rake	rakare	rakaste
All	raka	rakare	rakaste
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. 3) Dated or archaic

Further reading

• rak in Svensk ordbok.

Anagrams

• ark, kar

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ràkъ. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from German Krebs.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʀak/
• Rhymes: -ak
• Hyphenation: rak
• Syllabification: rak

Noun

rak m animal

1. (zoology) crayfish
3. (medicine) cancer (malignant tumor, of unknown origin, with a tendency to destroy neighboring tissues and spread or disease caused by a malignant tumor)

Declension

Declension of rak (masculine velar stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	rak	rakaj	raki
genitive	raka	rakow	rakow
dative	rakej	rakomaj	rakam
accusative	raka	rakaj	raki
instrumental	rakom	rakomaj	rakami
locative	raku	rakomaj	rakach
vocative	rako	rakaj	raki

References

• “rak” in Soblex