ler

See also: LER, lèr, lêr, and -ler

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /leːˀr/, [ˈleˀɐ̯], [ˈleɐ̯ˀ]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leir, Swedish ler. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).

Noun

ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)

1. clay

Declension

Declension of ler

neuter gender	Singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	ler	leret
genitive	lers	lerets

See also

• “ler” in Den Danske Ordbog
• ler on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

ler

1. present tense of le

Galician

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈleɾ]

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido)
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)

1. to read

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ler (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leo	les	le	lemos	ledes	len
Imperfect	lía	lías	lía	liamos	liades	lían
Preterite	lín	liches	leu	lin	lestes	leron
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	leramos	lerades	leran
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes	lerán
Conditional	lería	lerías	lería	leriamos	leriades	lerían
Subjunctive
Present	lea	leas	lea	leamos	leades	lean
Imperfect	lese	leses	lese	lésemos	lésedes	lesen
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Imperative
Affirmative		le	lea	leamos	lede	lean
Negative (non)		non leas	non lea	non leamos	non leades	non lean

    Reintegrated conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio, leo1	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	lem, leem
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líades, líeis, líais1	liam
Preterite	lim, li	leste, leche1	leu	lemos	lestes	lêrom, leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêrades, lêreis, lêrais1	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes, lereis	lerám, lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríades, leríeis, leríais1	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia, lea1	leias, leas1	leia, lea1	leiamos, leamos1	leiades, leiais, leades1	leiam, leam1
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêssedes, lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia, lea1	leiamos, leamos1	lede	leiam, leam1
Negative (nom)		nom leias, nom leas1	nom leia, nom lea1	nom leiamos, nom leamos1	nom leiades, nom leiais, nom leades1	nom leiam, nom leam1

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• reler
• trasler
• lector
• lectura

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “leer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “leer”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Japanese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾa̠ː]

Suffix

ler(ラー) • (-rā) 

1. Alternative form of er (ā)

Derived terms

Japanese terms suffixed with ler

Mirandese

Alternative forms

• lher

Etymology

From Latin legere.

Verb

ler

1. to read

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /leːr/
• Rhymes: -eːr

Verb

ler

1. present of le

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

ler

1. present of le

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

• lez (likely a misspelling)

Etymology

Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

Noun

ler m

1. sea, beach, shore
   • 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)

     Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damor

     I went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.

Usage notes

• Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-. Cognate with Welsh llŷr.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈl͈ʲer/

Noun

ler m or n (genitive lir)

1. (masculine) sea, ocean
2. (neuter) a lot, multitude, large number

Inflection

As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ler	lerL	lirL
Vocative	lir	lerL	liruH
Accusative	lerN	lerL	liruH
Genitive	lirL	ler	lerN
Dative	liurL	leraib	leraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	lerN	lerN	lerL, lera
Vocative	lerN	lerN	lerL, lera
Accusative	lerN	lerN	lerL, lera
Genitive	lirL	ler	lerN
Dative	liurL	leraib	leraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: lear
• Scottish Gaelic: lear

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ler also ller after a proclitic ending in a vowel	ler pronounced with /l(ʲ)-/	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• (sea, ocean): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• (a lot, multitude): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈle.ɾi/

• Homophone: lê (Brazil)
• Hyphenation: ler

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)

1. to read (to look at and interpret written information)
2. to read (to speak aloud written information)
3. (computing) to read (to fetch data from)
4. (reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	leem, lêem1
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líeis	liam
Preterite	li	leste	leu	lemos	lestes	leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêreis	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	lereis	lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríeis	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia	leias	leia	leiamos	leiais	leiam
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia	leiamos	lede	leiam
Negative (não)		não leias	não leia	não leiamos	não leiais	não leiam

¹Superseded.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.

Derived terms

• ledor
• reler

 

Related terms

• atril
• legenda
• legível
• leitor
• leitoril
• leitura
• lenda
• léxico
• lição
• lignite
• -logia
• lógico

 

Descendants

• Macanese: lê
• → Makalero: leh (“to read”)

Romansch

Etymology 1

From Latin legō, legere.

Verb

ler

1. (Puter) to read

Alternative forms

• leger (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Vallader)
• liger (Sutsilvan, Surmiran)

Etymology 2

Verb

ler

1. (Sutsilvan) Alternative form of vuler

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From German leer.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lêːr/
• Hyphenation: ler

Noun

lȇr m (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)

1. (regional, automotive) neutral

Declension

Declension of ler

	singular	plural
nominative	ler	leri
genitive	lera	lera
dative	leru	lerima
accusative	ler	lere
vocative	lere	leri
locative	leru	lerima
instrumental	lerom	lerima

References

• “ler” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Swedish

Noun

ler c

1. clay; Contraction of lera., in the expression ler och långhalm

Verb

ler

1. present indicative of le

Anagrams

• elr