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Gefreiter

(Redirected from Yefreytor)

Gefreiter ([ɡəˈfraɪ̯tɐ], abbr. Gefr.; plural Gefreite, English: private, in the military context) is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank that has existed since the 16th century. It is usually the second rank or grade to which an enlisted soldier, airman or sailor could be promoted.[1][2]

The word has also been lent into the Russian language yefreytor (Russian: ефрейтор) and is in use in several Russian and post-Soviet militaries.

History

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Illustration - Gefreiter uniform tunic rank insignia description of the 10th Hanoverian Jaeger Battalion [de] (Hannoversches Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 10), Light Infantry, Royal Prussian Army.

Historically the military rank of Gefreiter (female and plural form: Gefreite)[3] emerged in 16th-century Europe for the German Landsknechte foot soldiers,[4] predominantly made up of German and Swiss mercenary pikemen and supporting infantry foot soldiers.[5][6][7][8] Those soldiers who proved especially reliable and experienced were appointed to gefreyten Knechten (exempted/freed servants/soldiers; a cognate to 'knight') and were installed in critical battlefield positions; along with their extra rank privileges they were exempted in general from sentry duties.[1][5][6][9][10][11][12]

From the 18th century, Gefreite were the first line members of a military company, and every Gefreiter led and commanded a section or squad of Gemeine[13] (ordinary-rank soldiers). The rank existed in the cavalry, infantry, pioneers, and artillery where Gefreiter rank received a greater rank-class status.[5][6] Gefreiter was the only enlisted rank until 1918 within the Royal Prussian Army and respectively the imperial army of the German Empire to which an exceptional enlisted soldier could be promoted on the recommendation of the Hauptmann (Captain) or Rittmeister (Cavalry-Master otherwise Captain) and ultimately endorsed by the Regiments-Commandeur (Regimental Colonel), with exception of the rank Obergefreiter (since 1859) in the foot artillery which later replaced the artillery Bombardier (Corporal) rank.[5] The Gefreiter rank was also considered a transition rank for promotion to and wherefrom replacements were selected to the Unteroffizier (Corporal)[14] rank.[5] Within the Royal Prussian Army and respectively the imperial army of the German Empire, the rank Gefreiter was a deputy to the Unteroffizier (Corporal), and were distinguished by the wearing of an Auszeichnungsknopf (award button) known as the Gefreitenknopf (Gefreiter button) on each side of their uniform collar, similar to the slightly larger rank collar side-buttons worn by both the Sergeant and Feldwebel ranks.[5]

In the Royal Prussian Army until its reorganization after 1806, there existed along with Gefreiter the rank of Gefreite-Korporale[5] who wore a silver Portepee (sword lanyard). These were officer cadets specifically selected for higher advancement, they stood equal with their officer cadet counterpart the Portepee-Fähnriche.[5] The Gefreite-Korporale was a rank that also existed along with Gefreiter in the Austrian Army during the Thirty Years' War.[5]

From the 1920s the German rank of Gefreiter has expanded into several additional ranks and duties, those being Obergefreiter (Senior Lance Corporal otherwise Second Corporal in the Prussian Army since 1859); Hauptgefreiter (Leading Lance Corporal in the Luftwaffe during 1935–1944, the Kriegsmarine during 1938–1945, and the Heer from 1955); Stabsgefreiter (Staff Lance Corporal in the Reichswehr since 1927, the Kriegsmarine until 1945, the Luftwaffe from 1944 temporarily replacing Hauptgefreiter rank); and Oberstabsgefreiter (Senior Staff Lance Corporal in the Kriegsmarine since 1940, not in the Heer or Luftwaffe until 1996). All Gefreiter ranks are now in use with the German army, air force, and navy.

The female form, Gefreite, is not used by the military; the formal address is Frau Gefreiter.[15]

Austria

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Gefreiter
 
Cap insignia
   
Service and field insignia
AbbreviationGfr
Rank groupCharges
Non-NATO rankOR-2[16]
Formation1857
Next higher rankKorporal
Next lower rankRekrut

Gefreiter (abbr. Gfr) is a military rank of the Austrian Bundesheer. It is officially translated as Lance corporal.[17]

Austro-Hungarian Army

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See also: Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Adjustierung

In the Austro-Hungarian Army (1867–1918), Gefreiter (Hungarian: Őrvezetö) corresponded to Patrouilleführer and Vormeister. It was used by the Kaiserjäger as well as the Feldjäger, Standschützen troops, cavalry, medical corps, and infantry.

Then rank insignia was a single white celluloid-star on the stand-up collar of the so-called Waffenrock (tunic) on gorget patch (German: Paroli). Stand-up collar and background of the gorget patch showed a particular egalisation colour.

Junior rank
Soldat (Honvéd) 		 
Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces
Gefreiter
Patrouilleführer
Vormeister 		Senior rank
Korporal
Rank insignia
Desigahntion Austrian k.u.k. Army enlisted men
             
insignia
description Patrouilleführer Gefreiter Vormeister
k.u.k. Mountain
troops 		k.u.k.
Rifles 		Machine-gun
units 		Infantry
IR 7
branch Rifles Cavalry Infantry Military
engineering 		Artillery
(equivalent) (Rifle 1st class) (Private 1st class) (Gunner 1st class)

Gefreiter in adjustation of the infantry[clarification needed]

Germany

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Bundeswehr

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Gefreiter
   
Heer shoulder and Marine sleeve insignia
Country  Germany
Service branch
AbbreviationGefr.
RankGerman enlisted rank
NATO rank codeOR-2
Non-NATO rankE-2
Formation1955
Next higher rankObergefreiter
Next lower rank

Gefreiter (abbr. Gefr. or G.) is the second enlisted rank grade within the modern-day Army (Heer), Air Force (Luftwaffe) and Navy (Marine) of the Bundeswehr.[18] Following the NATO ranking system, Gefreiter equates to OR-2 on the NATO-standard rank scale, the rank is thus equivalent to either private, private first class, vice corporal or corporal rank depending on the chosen NATO-allied force used for the comparison.[2] It is grade A4 in the pay scale of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

The sequence of ranks (top-down approach) in this particular group is as follows:

In line with Bundeswehr rank advancement conditions, enlisted personnel OR-1 may be promoted to OR-2 level after passing primary recruit training (usually after three months) to the rank of Gefreiter.

Junior rank
Soldat 		     

(German enlisted rank)
Gefreiter

Senior rank
Obergefreiter

Wehrmacht

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Throughout the periods of the Royal Prussian Army, Imperial Army of the German Empire, the Reichswehr and the FRG Wehrmacht, the rank of Gefreiter was considered the equivalent to a junior lance corporal rank, with Obergefreiter as senior lance corporal or rather second corporal in the artillery, and a full corporal rank known as Unteroffizier[14] (subordinate non-commissioned officer) which replaced the Korporal rank from 1856. Within the army branch of the FRG Wehrmacht, a rank of Oberschütze (senior rifleman) once existed between the ranks of Gefreiter and Schütze/Soldat ("[enlisted] ordinary-rank rifleman/soldier"). A Gefreiter was considered an "exempted man", who was not normally assigned more menial duties, such as guard detail. A soldier promoted to Gefreiter was seen as showing some promise of leadership capability, while those who did not were promoted to Oberschütze.

"Bohemian corporal"

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The best-known holder of the rank of Gefreiter was Adolf Hitler, who held the rank in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 of the Royal Bavarian Army during World War I.

"Bohemian corporal" was a derogatory term used (privately) in World War II for Adolf Hitler by German generals (many of whom were Prussian aristocrats) dissatisfied with Hitler's military leadership and detailed control such as Gerd von Rundstedt, Erich von Manstein and Friedrich Paulus. Rundstedt said often during and after the war, "Without Hitler's consent, I can't even move my own sentry from my front door around to the back!" Wilhelm Keitel once asked Hitler, "Do you realise that Rundstedt called you a Bohemian corporal?" Hitler replied, "Yes, but he is the best field marshal I have". Von Rundstedt used the term dieser böhmische Gefreiter, which he had gotten in the 1930s from a World War I hero, German President Paul von Hindenburg. Hindenburg, who took an instant mutual dislike to Hitler on their first meeting, mistook Hitler's home town of Braunau in Austria (Braunau am Inn) for another town of the same name (Broumov, German: Braunau) in Bohemia and initially said "Austrian corporal" but later used "Bohemian corporal", which was a pejorative term, as he regarded Bohemians as "essentially gypsies", unlike the more cultured Prussians or even Austrians.[19]

Final ranks to enlisted men until 1945
Waffen-SS Heer (Army) Luftwaffe (Air Force) Kriegsmarine (Navy)
SS-Schütze Schütze Flieger Matrose
SS-Oberschütze Oberschütze
SS-Sturmmann Gefreiter Matrosengefreiter
SS-Rottenführer Obergefreiter Matrosenobergefreiter
No equivalent Hauptgefreiter Matrosenhauptgefreiter
No equivalent Stabsgefreiter Matrosenstabsgefreiter
No equivalent Matrosenoberstabsgefreiter

Russia

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Yefreytor
   
Army and Air Force shoulder insignia
Country  Russia
Service branch  Russian Ground Forces
  Russian Air Force
RankTable of ranks
Non-NATO rankOR-4
Formation1716 in the Imperial Russian Army
Next higher rankMladshy serzhant
Next lower rankRyadovoy

Yefreytor (Russian: ефрейтор) is a German loanword in Russian and denotes a similar rank in the Russian army.

In Russia, the rank of yefreytor was introduced by Peter I in 1716 to the infantry, cavalry and engineer forces. The rank was not used after 1722. During the reign of Paul I it was made an equivalent rank to private, which after the reign of Alexander I was used only for the Imperial Guard. Yefreytor was re-introduced in the course of the military reforms of 1826.

In the armed forces of the Soviet Union (and later the Russian Federation) yefreytor is the highest rank of enlisted personnel. According to NATO-rank system the rank might be comparable to OR-4 in Anglophone armed forces.[20]

Sequence of ranks
junior rank:
Ryadovoy
 
Yefreytor 		senior rank:
Junior sergeant

Rank insignia

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Imperial Russian Army

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  •  
    Epaulette Yefreytor of the 3rd Lancer Smolensk Emperor Alexander III Regiment
    (1908)
  •  
    Shoulder insignia Yefreytor to Imperial Russian Army
    (until 1917)
  •  
    Pogon Yefreytor (lance corporal) of the Russian Life Guards Uhlan Regiment
    (1914)

Red Army (RA) and Soviet Armed Forces (SA)

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Russian Armed Forces

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  •  
    Kursant Service uniform with OR-3 rank yefreytor of the Air Force or Airborne Troops
    (1994–2010)
  •  
    Service uniform yefreytor
    of the Army and SMF
    (1994−2010)
  •  
    Field uniform yefreytor of the whole Armed Forces branches
    (1994—2010)
  •  
    Service uniform yefreytor of the Army
    (2010−present)
  •  
    Service uniform yefreytor of the Air Force
    (2010−present)
  •  
    Field uniform yefreytor of the whole Armed Forces branches
    (2010—present)

Other uses of Yefreytor

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Switzerland

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Main article: Swiss army ranks

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Duden; Definition of Gefreiter, in German. [1]
  2. ^ a b Official Website (Bundeswehr): Dienstgrade und Uniformen der Bundeswehr (Service Ranks and Uniforms of the German Federal Defence Forces), in German. [2]
  3. ^ "Gefreite". Duden (in German). Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Landsknecht, der". Duden. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1852). "Section 1: A–G". Gefreiter. Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste [Universal Encyclopaedia of the Sciences and Arts] (in German). Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. pp. 471–472.
  6. ^ a b c Lünig, Johann Christian (1723). Corpus Juris Militaris Des Heiliges Römisches Reich [Military Law of the Holy Roman Empire] (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig.
  7. ^ Miller, Douglas (1976). The Landsknechts. Great Britain: Osprey. ISBN 0850452589.
  8. ^ Richards, John (2002). Landsknecht Soldier 1486–1560. Great Britain: Osprey. ISBN 1841762431.
  9. ^ Mackensen, Lutz. Vom Ursprung der Wörter. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache.
  10. ^ "Notes and Queries". Oxford University Press. 3 June 1880 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Carruthers, Bob (30 June 2015). Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473833517 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Carruthers, Bob (30 June 2015). Hitler's Propaganda Pilgrimage. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473833500 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ "Gemeine, der". Duden. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Korporal, der". Duden. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  15. ^ "VSB-Statement 'weibliche Dienstgrade'". Verband der Soldaten der Bundeswehr. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  16. ^ "Rank Insignias". bundesheer.at. Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  17. ^ bundesheer.
  18. ^ Brockhaus, The encyclopedia in 24 volumes (1796–2001), Volume 8: 3-7653-3668-8, page 231; definition "Gefreiter".
  19. ^ Margaritis, Peter (2019). Countdown to D-Day: The German perspective. Oxford, UK & Pennsylvania, USA: Casemate. pp. xv, 33. ISBN 978-1-61200-769-4.
  20. ^ NATO (2010). STANAG 2116 NATO (6th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: NATO Standardization Agency. p. D-1.
  21. ^ "ԶԻՆՎՈՐԱԿԱՆ ԾԱՌԱՅՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ԶԻՆԾԱՌԱՅՈՂԻ ԿԱՐԳԱՎԻՃԱԿԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ". arlis.am (in Armenian). Legal information system of Armenia. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383"". pravo.levonevsky.org/ (in Russian). Government of Belarus. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  23. ^ "ЗАКОН ЗА ОТБРАНАТА И ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ СИЛИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ". lex.bg (in Bulgarian). Глава седма. ВОЕННА СЛУЖБА. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  24. ^ "Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, басқа да әскерлері мен әскери құралымдары әскери қызметшілерінің әскери киім нысаны және айырым белгілері туралы". adilet.zan.kz (in Kazakh). Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan). 25 August 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  25. ^ "Кыргыз Республикасынын жарандарынын жалпыга бирдей аскердик милдети жөнүндө, аскердик жана альтернативдик кызматтар жөнүндө". cbd.minjust.gov.kg/ (in Kyrgyz). Ministry of Justice (Kyrgyzstan). 9 February 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  26. ^ "ҚОНУНИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР БОРАИ ЎҲДАДОРИИ УМУМИИ ҲАРБӢ ВА ХИЗМАТИ ҲАРБӢ". majmilli.tj (in Tajik). The National Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
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