Wikipedia

Village

For other uses, see Village (disambiguation).
"Ortsteil" redirects here. For districts and subdistricts of Berlin, see Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin § Localities.

A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town[1][2][3][4] with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Although villages are often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighborhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement.

Winter in a village.
A village in Italy, Pacentro
A village in Strochitsy, Belarus, 2008
A village in Pornainen, Finland
An Alpine village in the Lötschental valley, Switzerland
A Berber village in Ourika valley, High Atlas, Morocco
The old village of Hollókő, Nógrád, Hungary (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

In the past, villages were a usual form of community for societies that practice subsistence agriculture and also for some non-agricultural societies. In Great Britain, a hamlet earned the right to be called a village when it built a church.[5] In many cultures, towns and cities were few, with only a small proportion of the population living in them. The Industrial Revolution attracted people in larger numbers to work in mills and factories; the concentration of people caused many villages to grow into towns and cities. This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts and the development of many trades. The trend of urbanization continues but not always in connection with industrialization. Historically, homes were situated together for sociability and defence, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed. Traditional fishing villages were based on artisan fishing and located adjacent to fishing grounds.

In toponomastic terminology, the names of individual villages are called Comonyms (from Ancient Greek κώμη / village and ὄνυμα / name, [cf. ὄνομα]).[6]

Etymology

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From Middle English village, from Old French village, from Latin villāticus, ultimately from Latin villa (English villa).[7]

Central Asia

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Afghanistan

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In Afghanistan, the village, or deh (Dari/Pashto: ده)[8] is the mid-size settlement type in Afghan society, trumping the United States hamlet or qala (Dari: قلعه, Pashto: کلي),[9] though smaller than the town, or shār (Dari: شهر, Pashto: ښار).[10] In contrast to the qala, the deh is generally a bigger settlement which includes a commercial area, while the yet larger shār includes governmental buildings and services such as schools of higher education, basic health care, police stations etc.

 
Mollösund, an example of a common village in Sweden and the Nordics.

India

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A typical rural peasant Indian village in Rajasthan, India

"The soul of India lives in its villages," declared Mahatma Gandhi[11] at the beginning of 20th century. According to the 2011 census of India, 69% of Indians (around 833 million people) live in villages.[12] As per 2011 census of India, there are a total of 649,481 villages in India [13].The size of these villages varies considerably. 236,004 Indian villages have a population of fewer than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10,000+. Most of the villages have their own temple, mosque, or church, depending on the local religious following.

Pakistan

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Main article: Pakistani village life

The majority of Pakistanis live in rural areas. According to the 2017 census, about 64% of the Pakistani population lives in rural areas. Most rural areas in Pakistan tend to be near cities, and are peri-urban areas. This is due to the definition of a rural area in Pakistan being an area that does not fall within an urban boundary.[14] A village is called deh or gaaon in Urdu. Pakistani village life is marked by kinship and exchange relations.[15]

 
A village in Pakistani Kashmir's Neelum Valley "Dosut"

Kazakhstan

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Main article: Aul

Auyl (Kazakh: Ауыл) is a Kazakh word meaning "village" in Kazakhstan.[16] According to the 2009 census of Kazakhstan, 42.7% of Kazakhstani citizens (7.5 million people) live in 8172 different villages.[17] To refer to this concept along with the word "auyl" often used the Slavic word "selo" in Northern Kazakhstan.

East Asia

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A typical small village in Hainan, China

People's Republic of China

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Main article: Village (China)

In mainland China, villages 村 are divisions under township Zh:乡 or town Zh:镇.

Republic of China (Taiwan)

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Main article: Village (Taiwan)

In the Republic of China (Taiwan), villages are divisions under townships or county-administered cities. The village is called a tsuen or cūn (村) under a rural township (鄉) and a li (里) under an urban township (鎮) or a county-controlled city. See also Li (unit).

Japan

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Shirakawa-gō, Gifu, Japan
Main article: Villages of Japan

South Korea

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Main article: Villages of South Korea

Southeast Asia

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Brunei

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Main article: Villages of Brunei

In Brunei, villages are officially the third- and lowest-level subdivisions of Brunei below districts and mukims.[18] A village is locally known by the Malay word kampung (also spelt as kampong).[18][19] They may be villages in the traditional or anthropological sense but may also comprise delineated residential settlements, both rural and urban. The community of a village is headed by a village head (Malay: ketua kampung). Communal infrastructure for the villagers may include a primary school, a religious school providing ugama or Islamic religious primary education which is compulsory for the Muslim pupils in the country,[20] a mosque, and a community centre (Malay: balai raya or dewan kemasyarakatan).

Indonesia

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Main article: Villages of Indonesia

In Indonesia, depending on the principles they are administered, villages are called kampung or desa (or kelurahan for those with urban functions). A desa (a term that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning "country" that is found in the name "Bangladesh"=bangla and desh/desha) is administered according to traditions and customary law (adat), while a kelurahan is administered along more "modern" principles. Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions. A village head is respectively called kepala desa or lurah. Both are elected by the local community. A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan (district), in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten (regency) or kota (city).

The same general concept applies all over Indonesia. However, there is some variation among the vast numbers of Austronesian ethnic groups. For instance, in Bali villages have been created by grouping traditional hamlets or banjar, which constitute the basis of Balinese social life. In the Minangkabau area in West Sumatra province, traditional villages are called nagari (a term deriving from another Sanskrit word meaning "city", which can be found in the name like "Srinagar"=sri and nagar/nagari). In some areas such as Tanah Toraja, elders take turns watching over the village at a command post.[citation needed] As a general rule, desa and kelurahan are groupings of hamlets (kampung in Indonesian, dusun in Javanese, banjar in Bali). a kampung is defined today as a village in Brunei and Indonesia.

Malaysia and Singapore

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Kampung is a term used in Malaysia, (sometimes spelling kampong or kompong in the English language) for "a Malay hamlet or village in a Malay-speaking country".[21] In Malaysia, a kampung is determined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Since historical times, every Malay village came under the leadership of a penghulu (village chief), who has the power to hear civil matters in his village (see Courts of Malaysia for more details).

A Malay village typically contains a "masjid" (mosque) or "surau", paddy fields and Malay houses on stilts. Malay and Indonesian villagers practice the culture of helping one another as a community, which is better known as "joint bearing of burdens" (gotong royong).[22] They are family-oriented (especially the concept of respecting one's family [particularly the parents and elders]), courtesy and practice belief in God ("Tuhan") as paramount to everything else. It is common to see a cemetery near the mosque. In Sarawak and East Kalimantan, some villages are called 'long', primarily inhabited by the Orang Ulu.

Malaysian kampung were once aplenty in Singapore but there are almost no remaining kampung villages; the very few to have survived until today are mostly on outlying islands surrounding mainland Singapore, such as Pulau Ubin. Mainland Singapore used to have many kampung villages but modern developments and rapid urbanisation works have seen them bulldozed away; Kampong Lorong Buangkok is the last surviving village on the country's mainland.

The term "kampung", sometimes spelled "kampong", is one of many Malay words to have entered common usage in Malaysia and Singapore. Locally, the term is frequently used to refer to either one's hometown or a rural village, depending on the intended context.

Myanmar

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Main article: Villages of Myanmar

Philippines

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In urban areas of the Philippines, the term "village" most commonly refers to private subdivisions, especially gated communities. These villages emerged in the mid-20th century and were initially the domain of elite urban dwellers. Those are common in major cities in the country and their residents have a wide range of income levels.

Such villages may or may not correspond to a barangay (the country's basic unit of government, also glossed as village), or be privately administered. Barangays correspond more to precolonial villages; the chairman (formerly the village datu) now settles administrative, intrapersonal, and political matters or polices the area though with much less authority and respect than in Indonesia or Malaysia.

Thailand

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Main article: Muban

Vietnam

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Village, or "làng", is a basis of Vietnam society. Vietnam's village is the typical symbol[citation needed] of Asian agricultural production. Vietnam's village typically contains: a village gate, "lũy tre" (bamboo hedges), "đình làng" (communal house) where "thành hoàng" (tutelary god) is worshiped, a common well, "đồng lúa" (rice field), "chùa" (temple) and houses of all families in the village. All the people in Vietnam's villages usually have a blood relationship. They are farmers who grow rice and have the same traditional handicraft. Vietnam's villages have an important role in society (Vietnamese saying: "Custom rules the law" -"Phép vua thua lệ làng" [literally: the king's law yields to village customs]). It is common for Vietnamese villagers to prefer to be buried in their village upon death.[citation needed]

Central and Eastern Europe

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Slavic countries

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Lug, village in northern Serbia

Selo (Cyrillic: село; Polish: sioło) is a Slavic word meaning "village" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine. For example, there are numerous sela (села; plural of selo) called Novo Selo (Ново Село, "New Village") in Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and North Macedonia.

Another Slavic word for a village is ves (Polish: wieś, wioska; Czech: ves, vesnice; Slovak: ves; Slovene: vas; Russian: весь, romanized: ves). In Slovenia, the word selo is used for very small villages (fewer than 100 people) and in dialects; the Slovene word vas is used all over Slovenia. In Russia and Bulgaria, the word ves is archaic, but remains in idioms and locality names, such as Vesyegonsk and Belevehchevo.

The most commonly used word for village in Slovak is dedina (dialectical also dzedzina). The word's etymology may be (or may not be) rooted in the verb dediť ("to inherit"), referencing the inheriting of whole villages or properties within villages by noblemen or wealthy landowners. Another etymology could be related to the Sanskrit word deśá (देश) similar to the Afghan deh, Bengal desh and Indonesian desa. The term ves appears in settlement names (mostly villages, but also some towns that evolved over time from villages). The dialect term for village in east Slovakia is also valal (or valala). Dedina is unrelated to the rarer east Slavic term derevna, which refers to a village with wooden (derevo) housing.

Bulgaria

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Main article: List of villages in Bulgaria
 
Kovachevitsa, a village in southern Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, the different types of sela vary from a small selo of 5 to 30 families to one of several thousand people. According to a 2002 census, in that year there were 2,385,000 Bulgarian citizens living in settlements classified as villages.[23] A 2004 Human Settlement Profile on Bulgaria[24] conducted by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs stated that:

The most intensive is the migration "city – city". Approximately 46% of all migrated people have changed their residence from one city to another. The share of the migration processes "village – city" is significantly less – 23% and "city – village" – 20%. The migration "village – village" in 2002 is 11%.[23]

It also stated that

the state of the environment in the small towns and villages is good apart from the low level of infrastructure.[23]

In Bulgaria, it is popular to visit villages for the atmosphere, culture, crafts, hospitality of the people and the surrounding nature. This is called selski turizam (Bulgarian: селски туризъм), meaning "village tourism".[25]

Russia

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The village of Kichkalnya, Tatarstan

In Russia, as of the 2010 Census, 26.3% of the country's population lives in rural localities;[26] down from 26.7% recorded in the 2002 Census.[26] Multiple types of rural localities exist, but the two most common are derevnya (деревня) and selo (село). Historically, the formal indication of status was religious: a city (gorod, город) had a cathedral, a selo had a church, while a derevnya had neither.

The lowest administrative unit of the Russian Empire, a volost, or its Soviet or modern Russian successor, a selsoviet, was typically headquartered in a selo and embraced a few neighboring villages.

In the 1960s–1970s, the depopulation of the smaller villages was driven by the central planners' drive in order to get the farm workers out of smaller, "prospectless" hamlets and into the collective or state farms' main villages or even larger towns and cities, with more amenities.[27]

Most Russian rural residents are involved in agricultural work, and it is very common for villagers to produce their own food. As prosperous urbanites purchase village houses for their second homes, Russian villages sometimes are transformed into dacha settlements, used mostly for seasonal residence.

The historically Cossack regions of Southern Russia and parts of Ukraine, with their fertile soil and absence of serfdom, had a rather different pattern of settlement from central and northern Russia. While peasants of central Russia lived in a village around the lord's manor, a Cossack family often lived on its own farm, called khutor. A number of such khutors plus a central village made up the administrative unit with a center in a stanitsa (Russian: станица, romanized: stanitsa; Ukrainian: станиця, romanized: stanytsya, lit. 'stanytsia'). Such stanitsas, often with a few thousand residents, were usually larger than a typical selo in central Russia.

Ukraine

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Maiaky, a village in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine

In Ukraine, a village, (Ukrainian: село, romanized: selo, IPA: [selo]), is considered the lowest administrative unit. Villages are under the jurisdiction of a hromada administration.

There is another smaller type of rural settlement which is designated in Ukrainian as a selyshche (селище). This type of community is often referred to in English as a "settlement". In the new law about populated places in Ukraine the term "selyshche", has a specific meaning. In the past the word "selyshche" was more ambiguous and there were distinction between rural selyshche and selyshche miskoho typu (urban-type settlement), abbreviated smt in Ukrainian. There we also dacha, fisherman, etc. selyshches

The khutir (хутір) and stanytsia (станиця) are not part of the administrative division any longer, primarily due to collectivization. Khutirs were very small rural localities consisting of just few housing units and were sort of individual farms. They became really popular during the Stolypin reform in the early 20th century. During the collectivization, however, residents of such settlements were usually declared to be kulaks and had all their property confiscated and distributed to others (nationalized) without any compensation. The stanitsa likewise has not survived as an administrative term. The stanitsa was a type of a collective community that could include one or more settlements such as villages, khutirs, and others. Today, stanitsa-type formations have only survived in Kuban (Russian Federation) where Ukrainians were resettled during the time of the Russian Empire.[original research?]

Ashkenazi Jewish culture

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See also: Shtetl, List of shtetls, and Eastern European Jewry

A shtetl (plural shtetlekh) was a small market town or village with a majority Jewish population in central and eastern Europe. The word shtetl is Yiddish, derived from the word shtot (town) with the suffix -l, a diminutive. Shtetlekh first began to appear in the 13th century, and were characteristic aspects of Jewish life in central and Eastern Europe until the 1940s. The shtetl occupies an important place in Jewish collective memory (particularly the history of Ashkenazi Jews) and has been depicted extensively in literature, visual art, theatre, and film, including such examples as the writing of Mendele Mocher Sforim, Isaac Bashevis Singer, and Sholem Aleichem. Sholem Aleichem's Tevye the Dairyman stories, set in the fictional shtetl of Anatevka, were eventually adapted into the Fiddler on the Roof stage play (which itself was later adapted for film).

During the Holocaust, most shtetlekh were depopulated of their Jewish communities through mass deportations or liquidations. Many are memorialized in yizkor books, written testimonies that describe the histories of Jewish communities destroyed during the Holocaust.

Western and Southern Europe

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France

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Saint-Cirq-Lapopie in Lot is one of "The Most Beautiful Villages in France".

The Insee classifies French communes into four groups according to population density:[28]

  1. Communes with high population density
  2. Communes with intermediate population density
  3. Communes with low population density
  4. Communes with very low population density

A commune in Group 3 or 4 is considered as a village (commune rurale).[29]

An independent association named Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World), was created in 1982 to promote assets of small and picturesque French villages of quality heritage. As of July 2023, 172 villages in France have been listed in "The Most Beautiful Villages of France".[30]

Germany

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In Germany a Dorf (village) usually consists of at least a few houses but can have up to a few thousand inhabitants. Larger villages can also be referred to as a Flecken or Markt depending on the region and the settlement's market rights. Smaller villages usually do not have their own government. Instead, they are part (Ortsteil) of the municipality of a nearby town.

Italy

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Montefioralle in Tuscany is one of "The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy".
See also: Frazione and Town § Italy

In Italy, villages are spread throughout the country. No legal definition of village exists in Italian law; nonetheless, a settlement inhabited by less than 2000 people is usually described as "village". More often, Italian villages that are a part of a municipality are called frazione, whereas the village that hosts the municipal seat is called paese (town) or capoluogo.

A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest[31] named I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy) and affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World, was created in 2001 on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities[32] with the aim of preserving and maintaining villages of quality heritage.[33] Founded to contribute to safeguarding, conserving and revitalizing small villages and municipalities, but sometimes even individual hamlets, which, being outside the main tourist circuits, they risk, despite their great value, being forgotten with consequent degradation, depopulation and abandonment.[34] Its motto is Il fascino dell'Italia nascosta ("The charm of hidden Italy").[35] As of November 2023, 361 villages in Italy have been listed in "The Most Beautiful Villages of Italy".[36]

Spain

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Olvera (Spain) is one of the White Towns of Andalusia.

In Spain, a village (pueblo) refers to a small population unit, smaller than a town (villa [an archaic term that survives only in official uses, such as the official name of Spain's capital, "la Villa de Madrid"]) and a city (ciudad), typically located in a rural environment. While commonly it is the smallest administrative unit (municipio), it is possible for a village to be legally composed of smaller population units in its territory. There is not a clear-cut distinction between villages, towns and cities in Spain, since they had been traditionally categorized according to their religious importance and their relationship with surrounding population units.

Portugal

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Villages are more usual in the northern and central regions, Azores Islands and in the Alentejo. Most of them have a church and a "Casa do Povo" (people's house), where the village's summer romarias or religious festivities are usually held. Summer is also when many villages are host to a range of folk festivals and fairs, taking advantage of the fact that many of the locals who reside abroad tend to come back to their native village for the holidays.

Netherlands

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In the flood-prone districts of the Netherlands, particularly in the northern provinces of Friesland and Groningen, villages were traditionally built on low man-made hills called terpen before the introduction of regional dyke-systems. In modern days, the term dorp (lit. "village") is usually applied to settlements no larger than 20,000, though there's no official law regarding status of settlements in the Netherlands.

United Kingdom

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See also: List of the largest villages in England and List of towns and villages in the Scottish Highlands

A village in the UK is a compact settlement of houses, smaller in size than a town, and generally based on agriculture or, in some areas, mining (such as Ouston, County Durham), quarrying or sea fishing. They are very similar to those in Ireland.

 
The main street of the village of Castle Combe, Wiltshire, England

The major factors in the type of settlement are: location of water sources, organization of agriculture and landholding, and likelihood of flooding. For example, in areas such as the Lincolnshire Wolds, the villages are often found along the spring line halfway down the hillsides, and originate as spring line settlements, with the original open field systems around the village. In northern Scotland, most villages are planned to a grid pattern located on or close to major roads, whereas in areas such as the Forest of Arden, woodland clearances produced small hamlets around village greens.[37][38] Because of the topography of the Clent Hills the north Worcestershire village of Clent is an example of a village with no centre but instead consists of series of hamlets scattered on and around the Hills.

 
Kilmaurs in East Ayrshire, Scotland

Some villages have disappeared (for example, deserted medieval villages), sometimes leaving behind a church or manor house and sometimes nothing but bumps in the fields. Some show archaeological evidence of settlement at three or four different layers, each distinct from the previous one. Clearances may have been to accommodate sheep or game estates, or enclosure, or may have resulted from depopulation, such as after the Black Death or following a move of the inhabitants to more prosperous districts. Other villages have grown and merged and often form hubs within the general mass of suburbia—such as Hampstead, London and Didsbury in Manchester. Many villages are now predominantly dormitory locations and have suffered the loss of shops, churches and other facilities.

 
Finchingfield, Essex - a quintessential English village.

For many British people, the village represents an ideal of Great Britain. Seen as being far from the bustle of modern life, it is represented as quiet and harmonious, if a little inward-looking. This concept of an unspoilt Arcadia is present in many popular representations of the village such as the radio serial The Archers or the best kept village competitions.[39]

 
Bisley, Gloucestershire, a village in the Cotswolds

Many villages in South Yorkshire, north Nottinghamshire, north east Derbyshire, County Durham, South Wales and Northumberland are known as pit villages. These (such as Murton, County Durham) grew from hamlets when the sinking of a colliery in the early 20th century resulted in a rapid growth in their population and the colliery owners built new housing, shops, pubs and churches. Some pit villages outgrew nearby towns by area and population; for example, Rossington in South Yorkshire came to have over four times more people than the nearby town of Bawtry. Some pit villages grew to become towns; for example, Maltby in South Yorkshire grew from 600 people in the 19th century[40] to over 17,000 in 2007.[41] Maltby was constructed under the auspices of the Sheepbridge Coal and Iron Company and included ample open spaces and provision for gardens.[42]

In the UK, the main historical distinction between a hamlet and a village was that the latter had a church,[5] and so usually was the centre of worship for an ecclesiastical parish. However, some civil parishes may contain more than one village. The typical village had a pub or inn, shops, and a blacksmith. But many of these facilities are now gone, and many villages are dormitories for commuters. The population of such settlements ranges from a few hundred people to around five thousand. A village is distinguished from a town in that:

  • A village should not have a regular agricultural market, although today such markets are uncommon even in settlements which clearly are towns.
  • A village does not have a town hall nor a mayor.
  • If a village is the principal settlement of a civil parish, then any administrative body that administers it at parish level should be called a parish council or parish meeting, and not a town council or city council. However, some civil parishes have no functioning parish, town, or city council nor a functioning parish meeting. In Wales, where the equivalent of an English civil parish is called a Community, the body that administers it is called a Community Council. However, larger councils may elect to call themselves town councils.[43] In Scotland, the equivalent is also a community council, however, despite being statutory bodies they have no executive powers.[44]
  • There should be a clear green belt or open fields, as, for example, seen on aerial maps for Ouston surrounding its parish[45] borders. However this may not be applicable to urbanised villages: although these may not be considered to be villages, they are often widely referred to as being so; an example of this is Horsforth in Leeds.

Middle East

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Lebanon

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Like France, villages in Lebanon are usually located in remote mountainous areas. The majority of villages in Lebanon retain their Aramaic names or are derivative of the Aramaic names, and this is because Aramaic was still in use in Mount Lebanon up to the 18th century.[46]

Many of the Lebanese villages are a part of districts, these districts are known as "kadaa" which includes the districts of Baabda (Baabda), Aley (Aley), Matn (Jdeideh), Keserwan (Jounieh), Chouf (Beiteddine), Jbeil (Byblos), Tripoli (Tripoli), Zgharta (Zgharta / Ehden), Bsharri (Bsharri), Batroun (Batroun), Koura (Amioun), Miniyeh-Danniyeh (Minyeh / Sir Ed-Danniyeh), Zahle (Zahle), Rashaya (Rashaya), Western Beqaa (Jebjennine / Saghbine), Sidon (Sidon), Jezzine (Jezzine), Tyre (Tyre), Nabatiyeh (Nabatiyeh), Marjeyoun (Marjeyoun), Hasbaya (Hasbaya), Bint Jbeil (Bint Jbeil), Baalbek (Baalbek), and Hermel (Hermel).

The district of Danniyeh consists of thirty-six small villages, which includes Almrah, Kfirchlan, Kfirhbab, Hakel al Azimah, Siir, Bakhoun, Miryata, Assoun, Sfiiri, Kharnoub, Katteen, Kfirhabou, Zghartegrein, Ein Qibil.

Danniyeh (known also as Addinniyeh, Al Dinniyeh, Al Danniyeh, Arabic: سير الضنية) is a region located in Miniyeh-Danniyeh District in the North Governorate of Lebanon. The region lies east of Tripoli, extends north as far as Akkar District, south to Bsharri District and Zgharta District and as far east as Baalbek and Hermel. Dinniyeh has an excellent ecological environment filled with woodlands, orchards and groves. Several villages are located in this mountainous area, the largest town being Sir Al Dinniyeh.

An example of a typical mountainous Lebanese village in Dannieh would be Hakel al Azimah which is a small village that belongs to the district of Danniyeh, situated between Bakhoun and Assoun's boundaries. It is in the centre of the valleys that lie between the Arbeen Mountains and the Khanzouh.

Syria

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Syria contains a large number of villages that vary in size and importance, including the ancient, historical and religious villages, such as Ma'loula, Sednaya, and Brad (Mar Maroun's time). The diversity of the Syrian environments creates significant differences between the Syrian villages in terms of the economic activity and the method of adoption. Villages in the south of Syria (Hauran, Jabal al-Druze), the north-east (the Syrian island) and the Orontes River basin depend mostly on agriculture, mainly grain, vegetables, and fruits. Villages in the region of Damascus and Aleppo depend on trading. Some other villages, such as Marmarita depend heavily on tourist activity.

Mediterranean cities in Syria, such as Tartus and Latakia have similar types of villages. Mainly, villages were built in very good sites which had the fundamentals of the rural life, like water. An example of a Mediterranean Syrian village in Tartus would be al-Annazah, which is a small village that belongs to the area of al-Sauda. The area of al-Sauda is called a nahiya.

Oceania

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The village of Burrawang in New South Wales, Australia

Pacific Islands Communities on Pacific islands were historically called villages by English speakers who traveled and settled in the area. Some communities such as several Villages of Guam continue to be called villages despite having large populations that can exceed 40,000 residents.

New Zealand The traditional Māori village was the pā, a fortified hill-top settlement. Tree-fern logs and flax were the main building materials. As in Australia (see below) the term is now used mainly in respect of shopping or other planned areas.

Australia The term village often is used in reference to small planned communities such as retirement communities or shopping districts, and tourist areas such as ski resorts. Small rural communities are usually known as townships. Larger settlements are known as towns.

South America

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Argentina Usually set in remote mountainous areas, some also cater to winter sports or tourism. See Uspallata, La Cumbrecita, Villa Traful and La Cumbre.

Guyana In various areas villages can still be found in Guyana. While many are now towns, there are several areas on river banks, and communities off central roads that are still locally considered villages.

Uruguay Village or "villa" is one of the three levels at which the government classifies urbanizations or "localidades", a "villa" is highest rank than a "pueblo" which is the lowest unit and lower than a city or "ciudad", which is the highest rank. This organization is more related with notability than size, since there is no official criteria to determine the level of urbanization. Every urbanization is a "pueblo" unless is elevated by decree to the next category. Historically this was a faculty of the executive power but more recently this faculty was transferred to the legislative. However colloquial speech still refers as "pueblo" to most "villas" and even cities and many names preceded by the word "villa" could represent other standard, such as "Villa del Cerro" or "Villa Serrana".

North America

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In contrast to the Old World, the concept of village in Canada and the United States today is largely disconnected from its rural and communal origins. The situation is different in Mexico because of its large bulk of indigenous population living in traditional villages.

Canada

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Main articles: Municipal government in Canada and List of villages in Ontario
 
A Newfoundland fishing village

It is believed that the name Canada may be a transliteration of the Iroquoisan word for "village". Jacques Cartier was given directions to the Kanata of Kebec and it became the name of the French Colonial district before it was the nation's name.[47]

United States

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Main article: Village (United States)
 
A church in Newfane, Vermont

Incorporated villages

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In twenty U.S. states, the term "village" refers to a specific form of incorporated municipal government, similar to a city but with less authority and geographic scope. However, this is a generality; in many states, there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state. The distinction is not necessarily based on population, but on the relative powers granted to the different types of municipalities and correspondingly, different obligations to provide specific services to residents.

In some states such as New York and Michigan, a village is an incorporated municipality, within a single town or civil township. In some cases, the village may be coterminous with the town or township, in which case the two may have a consolidated government. There are also villages that span the boundaries of more than one town or township; some villages may straddle county borders.

There is no population limit to villages in New York. Hempstead, the largest village, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km2) in area. Michigan and Illinois also have no set population limit for villages and there are many villages that are larger than cities in those states. The village of Schaumburg, Illinois had 78,723 residents as of the 2020 census. A village also has no written figure against how small a population can be, with the United States' smallest incorporated village being Dering Harbor, NY, with a population of just over 10.

In Michigan, a village is always legally part of a township. Villages can incorporate land in multiple townships and even multiple counties. The largest village in the state is Beverly Hills in Southfield Township which had a population of 10,267 people as of the 2010 census.

In the state of Wisconsin, a village is always legally separate from the towns that it has been incorporated from. The largest village is Menomonee Falls, which has over 32,000 residents. In Pennsylvania law, the term borough is used to refer to the same type of entity. 80% of Pennsylvania's 956 boroughs have populations of less than 5,000 but about thirty have populations of over 10,000 with State College having more than 40,000 residents.

In Ohio villages are usually legally part of the township from which they were incorporated, although exceptions such as Hiram exist, in which the village is separate from the township.[48] Villages become cities if they grow to a population of at least 5,000.[49]

In Maryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district.[50] An example of the latter is the Village of Friendship Heights.

In North Carolina, the only difference between cities, towns, and villages is the term itself.[51]

Unincorporated villages

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Oracle, Arizona is an unincorporated rural town often called a village in local media

In many states, the term "village" is used to refer to a relatively small unincorporated community, similar to a hamlet in New York state. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality, although such usage might be considered incorrect and confusing.

In most New England states, a "village" is a center of population or trade, including the town center, in an otherwise sparsely developed town or city — for instance, the village of Hyannis in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts. However, in Vermont and Connecticut, both incorporated and unincorporated villages exist.

Africa

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Nigeria

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A village in Kaita, Nigeria

Villages in Nigeria vary significantly because of cultural and geographical differences.

Northern Nigeria

In the North, villages were under traditional rulers long before the Jihad of Shaikh Uthman Bin Fodio and after the Holy War. At that time Traditional rulers used to have absolute power in their administrative regions. After Dan Fodio's Jihad in 1804,[52] political structure of the North became Islamic where emirs were the political, administrative and spiritual leaders of their people. These emirs appointed a number of people to assist them in running the administration and that included villages.[53]

Every Hausa village was reigned by Magaji (Village head) who was answerable to his Hakimi (mayor) at the town level. The Magaji also had his cabinet who assisted him in ruling his village efficiently, among whom was Mai-Unguwa (Ward Head).[54]

With the creation of Native Authority in Nigerian provinces, the autocratic power of village heads along with all other traditional rulers was subdued hence they ruled 'under the guidance of colonial officials'.[55]

Even though the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria has not recognised the functions of traditional rulers, they still command respect in their villages[55] and political office holders liaise with them almost every time to reach people.

In Hausa language, village is called ƙauye and every local government area is made up of several small and large ƙauyuka (villages). For instance, Girka is a village in Kaita town in Katsina state in Nigeria. They have mud houses with thatched roofing though, like in most of the villages in the North, zinc roofing has become a common sight.

Still in many villages in the North, people do not have access to potable water.[56] So they fetch water from ponds and streams. Others are lucky to have wells within a walking distance. Women rush in the morning to fetch water in their clay pots from wells, boreholes and streams. However, the government is now providing them with water bore holes.[57]

Electricity and GSM network are reaching more and more villages in the North almost every day. So bad feeder roads may lead to remote villages with electricity and unstable GSM network.[58]

Southern Nigeria

 
A village house in Southern Nigeria

Village dwellers in the Southeastern region lived separately in "clusters of huts belonging to the patrilinage".[59] As the rainforest region is dominated by Igbo speaking people, the villages are called ime obodo (inside town) in Igbo language. A typical large village might have a few thousand persons who shared the same market, meeting place and beliefs.

South Africa

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In South Africa the majority of people in rural areas reside in villages. They vary in size from having a population of less than 500 to around 1000.

See also

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Settlement types

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Countries and localities

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Developed environments

Associations

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References

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  1. ^ "What is a Hamlet?". Cultural World. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Difference Between Hamlet and Village". Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Village". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  4. ^ "Definition of VILLAGE". www.merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  5. ^ a b Dr Greg Stevenson, "What is a Village?" Archived 23 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Exploring British Villages, BBC, 2006, accessed 20 October 2009
  6. ^ Room 1996, p. 25.
  7. ^ "village", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 9 July 2024, retrieved 12 July 2024
  8. ^ "A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans". dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  9. ^ "A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans". dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  10. ^ "A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans". dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  11. ^ R.K. Bhatnagar. India's Membership of Iter Project Archived 1 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Press Information Bureau. Government of India, Bangalore
  12. ^ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  13. ^ https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder
  14. ^ Zaidi, S. Akbar (29 August 2017). "Rethinking urban and rural". Dawn.
  15. ^ Mughal, M. A. Z. (2018). "Exchange Relations and Social Change in Rural Pakistan: Rituals and Ceremonies of Childbirth, Marriage and Death". South Asia Research. 38 (2): 177–194. doi:10.1177/0262728018768137. S2CID 149640822.
  16. ^ Қазақ тілі термиңдерінің салалық ғылыми түсіндірме сөздігі: География және геодезия. — Алматы: "Мектеп" баспасы, 2007. — 264 бет. ISBN 9965-36-367-6
  17. ^ "History of stat.kz". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014..
  18. ^ a b "Tutong District" (PDF). www.information.gov.bn. pp. 7–9. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  19. ^ "Region2-city | Brunei Postcode". brn.postcodebase.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  20. ^ "Brunei will remain a MIB-guided nation, thanks to religious education | Borneo Bulletin Online". borneobulletin.com.bn. 21 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  21. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online". M-w.com. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  22. ^ Geertz, Clifford. "Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective", pp. 167–234 in Geertz Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, NY: Basic Books. 1983.
  23. ^ a b c "Human Settlement Country Profile, Bulgaria (2004)" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  24. ^ HUMAN SETTLEMENT COUNTRY PROFILE: BULGARIA. United Nations (2004)
  25. ^ Detelina, Tocheva (June 2015). Explorations in Self-Sufficiency After Socialism. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 144. ISBN 9781782386964. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  26. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  27. ^ "Российское село в демографическом измерении" (Rural Russia measured demographically) (in Russian). This article reports the following census statistics:
    Census year 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002
    Total number of rural localities in Russia 294,059 216,845 177,047 152,922 155,289
    Of them, with population 1 to 10 persons 41,493 25,895 23,855 30,170 47,089
    Of them, with population 11 to 200 persons 186,437 132,515 105,112 80,663 68,807
  28. ^ "La grille communale de densité". Insee. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  29. ^ "Commune rurale". Insee. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  30. ^ "France". Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  31. ^ "Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria" (in Italian). 16 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  32. ^ "I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  33. ^ "I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  34. ^ "I borghi più belli d'Italia si confermano tappa obbligata per conoscere l'altra Italia". Travelnostop (in Italian). 4 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  35. ^ "I "Borghi più belli d'Italia"". Araldicacivica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  36. ^ "7 nuovi borghi ammessi nell'Associazione". I Borghi Più Belli D'Italia (in Italian). 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  37. ^ Wild, Martin Trevor (2004). Village England: A Social History of the Countryside. I.B.Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-86064-939-4.
  38. ^ Taylor, Christopher (1984). Village and farmstead: A History of Rural Settlement in England. G. Philip. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-540-01082-0.
  39. ^ OECD (2011). OECD Rural Policy Reviews: England, United Kingdom 2011. OECD Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-9264094420.
  40. ^ The Parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Vol. 3. A. Fullarton & Co. 1851. p. 344.
  41. ^ "Maltby Ward". Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  42. ^ Baylies, Carolyn Louise (1993). The history of the Yorkshire miners, 1881–1918. Routledge. ISBN 0415093597.
  43. ^ "National Statistics". Statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  44. ^ "Portobello Community Council". Porty.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  45. ^ "Ouston Parish Council". durham.gov.uk.
  46. ^ "A project proposal". Almashriq.hiof.no. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  47. ^ "Origin of the name "Canada"". Government of Canada. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  48. ^ "Detailed map of Ohio" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  49. ^ "Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A)". Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  50. ^ "2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions" (PDF).
  51. ^ "2012 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions" (PDF).
  52. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 6, 15th Edition. ISBN 0-85229-961-3, p. 763
  53. ^ Sani Abubakar Lugga. The Great Province, Lugga Press Gidan Lugga, Kofar Marusa Road, Katsina Nigeria, ISBN 978-2105-48-1, p. 43
  54. ^ Sani Abubakar Lugga. The Great Province, Lugga Press Gidan Lugga, Kofar Marusa Road, Katsina Nigeria, ISBN 978-2105-48-1, p. 63
  55. ^ a b A Johnson Ugoji Anyaele. Comprehensive Government, A Johnson Publishers LTD. Surulere, Lagos. ISBN 978-2799-49-1, p. 123
  56. ^ Adesiyun, A. A.; Adekeye, J. O.; Umoh, J. U.; Nadarajab, M. (1983). "Studies on well water and possible health risks in Katsina, Nigeria". The Journal of Hygiene. 90 (2): 199–205. doi:10.1017/S0022172400028862. PMC 2134251. PMID 6833745.
  57. ^ How Katsina state is doing so much with so little. abrahamplace.blogspot.jp (29 October 2012; original from peoplesdaily-online.com).
  58. ^ Nigerian Operator Expands Coverage. cellular-news.com (5 April 2006).
  59. ^ Village. igboguide.org

Sources

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