Grand admiral is a historic naval rank, the highest rank in the several European navies that used it. It is best known for its use in Germany as Großadmiral. A comparable rank in modern navies is that of admiral of the fleet.
Grand admirals in individual navies
editAustria-Hungary
edit| Grand admiral | |
|---|---|
Command flag | |
Sleeve insignia | |
| Country | |
| Service branch | |
| Formation | 1916 |
| Abolished | 1918 |
| Next lower rank | Admiral |
The Austrian grand admirals were all members of the Imperial family, except for Anton Haus, the commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy for part of World War I:[citation needed]
| Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Appointed | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anton Haus (1851–1917) |
12 May 1916 | ||
| Kaiser Charles I of Austria (1887–1922) |
1 November 1916 | ||
| Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany (1859–1941) |
22 February 1917 |
France
editIn Bourbon Restoration France, the rank was an honorific one equivalent to that of marshal in the French Army.[citation needed]
Germany
edit| Grand admiral Großadmiral | |
|---|---|
Großadmiral rank flag (1939–1945) | |
| Shoulder board and sleeve | |
| Country | |
| Service branch | |
| Rank group | Flag officer |
| Formation | 1901 |
| Abolished | 1945 |
| Next lower rank | Generaladmiral |
| Equivalent ranks | Generalfeldmarschall |
In the Imperial German Navy, and later in the Kriegsmarine, the rank Großadmiral was the equivalent of a British admiral of the fleet or a United States fleet admiral; as a five-star rank (OF-10). No German army equivalent. Its holders were authorised to carry a baton.[1]
The rank was created in 1901 and discontinued in 1945, by which time a total of eight men had been promoted to it. The next most junior rank was Generaladmiral (admiral-general).[citation needed]
Imperial Germany
editBefore and during World War I, the following were made grand admirals of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine):
| Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Appointed | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910) |
26 June 1902 | [2] | |
| Hans von Koester (1844–1928) |
28 June 1905 | ||
| King Oscar II of Sweden (1829–1907) |
13 July 1905 | ||
| Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929) |
4 September 1909 | ||
| Alfred von Tirpitz (1849–1930) |
27 January 1911 | ||
| Henning von Holtzendorff (1853–1919) |
31 July 1918 |
Nazi Germany
editGroßadmiral was the most senior rank of the Kriegsmarine, immediately senior to Generaladmiral. The rank was reintroduced in 1939 and was only awarded to the Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine.[citation needed]
| Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Appointed | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erich Raeder (1876–1960) |
1 April 1939 | ||
| Karl Dönitz (1891–1980) |
30 January 1943 |
Italy
editThe rank of grand admiral (Italian: grand'ammiraglio) was created by Benito Mussolini in 1924. It was established primarily to honour Paolo Thaon di Revel, who had been head of the Italian Regia Marina during World War I — he was the only person to be awarded the rank. It was equivalent to marshal of Italy in the army and also marshal of the Air Force.[citation needed]
Peru
editIn 1967 the rank of Grand Admiral of Peru (Spanish: Gran Almirante del Perú) was awarded posthumously to Miguel Grau Seminario and is equivalent to the army rank of Grand Marshal of Peru.[citation needed]
Sweden
editIn Sweden the rank of grand admiral was only ever awarded twice. Once to Prince Charles (XIII), who was given the title at birth and which was used by him as the commander of the Swedish Royal Navy and once to crown prince Oscar (I) as a courtesy title to honour his adoptive grandfather, the late king Charles XIII.[3]
Turkey
editGrand Admiral (Turkish: Büyük Amiral) is nominally a rank in the Turkish Navy. It is the equivalent of the ranks of field marshal in the Army and Air Force. Since the foundation of the Republic in 1923, no person has held the rank. It is awarded by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey to persons who are holding the rank of admiral and displayed distinguished merit in wartime.[citation needed]
In fiction
editAmong the grand admirals appearing in fiction and science fiction, one notable figure is Grand Admiral Thrawn of the Star Wars science fiction franchise.[4]
References
edit- ^ BROCKHAUS, The encyclopedia in 24 volumes (1796–2001), Volume 9: 3-7653-3660-2, page 164; definition: «Großadmiral»
- ^ "Latest intelligence - The German Emperor and the King". The Times. No. 36806. London. 28 June 1902. p. 5.
- ^ "127-128 (Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 27. Stockholm-Nynäs järnväg - Syrsor)". runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1918. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
- ^ Trendacosta, Katharine. "Who Is Grand Admiral Thrawn and Why Is His Appearance in Star Wars Rebels So Exciting?". io9.